Auditory-perceptual evaluation with visual analogue scale: feasibility and preliminary evidence of ultrasound visual feedback treatment of Finnish [r]

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of ultrasound time and sound production trials.

	Time	Trials
Mean	6 min 8 s	155.5
SD	2 min 9 s	107.4
Median	6 min 24 s	127
Min	3 min 5 s	42
Max	11 min 19 s	568

Figure 1. Treatment protocol for distortion of Finnish [r].

Figure 2. Ultrasound images of children 1–4 labelled as C1–C4. /r/-sounds from the pre- and post-intervention measurements. Mid-sagittal view, the tip of the tongue on the right.

Figure 3. Illustration of the web-based application.

Figure 4. Violin box plot illustrating the distribution of the perceptual judgement data at pre- (blue) and post-intervention (red) in all children (on the left), and regression lines illustrating children’s judgement results across measurements.

Figure 5. Estimates and significance level of fixed effects, *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Table 2. Fixed effects for model predicting VAS judgement results.

Parameter	Estimates	Std. error	df	t	p
Time	29.61	3.26	142.19	9.092	<0.001
Listener group	−5.96	3.36	9.48	−1.77	0.108
Listener group × time	6.07	2.41	1159.00	2.52	0.012

Figure 6. The means of judgement results between the listener groups with 95% confidence.

Table 3. ICC2 values, confidence interval (CI, 95%) and p-values.

Listeners	Time	ICC2	CI	p
All	All	0.92	0.9–0.93	<0.001
SLT students	All	0.88	0.85–0.9	<0.001
SLTs	All	0.84	0.81–0.88	<0.001
All	Pre	0.83	0.78–0.88	<0.001
All	Post	0.92	0.89–0.95	<0.001
SLTs	Pre	0.72	0.62–0.8	<0.001
SLT students	Pre	0.79	0.71–0.84	<0.001
SLTs	Post	0.77	0.7–0.85	<0.001
SLT students	Post	0.91	0.87–0.95	<0.001