Application of chitosan/alginate nanoparticle in oral drug delivery systems: prospects and challenges

Figures & data

Figure 1. CANPs and its oral pH-dependent drug delivery property.

Table 1. Application of chitosan/alginate nanocarriers in the treatment of colitis.

Innovation points	Advantage	Particle size (nm)	Content (%)	Encapsulation efficiency (%)	Ref
PH-dependent release of curcumin from CAP1AG4 CH5@CUNCs	Enhanced accumulation in the inflamed colonic tissues	421 ± 14	20–80	90	(Oshi et al., 2020)
CD-Cur-CANPs with pH-sensitive and α-amylase-responsive release character-istics	Strong colonic biodistribution and accumulation, rapid macrophage uptake, promoted colonic epithelial barrier integrity and modulated production of inflammatory cytokines	462.1	3.49	88.89	(Li et al., 2021)
A pH-sensitive hydrogel formed by chitosan and sodium alginate under the mechanochemical force	5-ASA colon-targeted delivery system without a crosslinking agent	489.57 ± 118.07	3.77	–	(Xu et al., 2021)
Novel pH-sensitive hydrogel beads based on gelatin/sodium alginate/ chitosan loaded with propolis ethanolic extracts	Synthesis of pH-sensitive hydrogel beads for different propolis ethanolic extracts	10^6−2 × 10^6	–	–	(Ceylan et al., 2021)
A series of curcumin loaded polymeric nanoparticle (NPs) with different particle sizes	The surface functionalization of PF127 can enable NPs to penetrate through the mucus layer Improve the cellular uptake efficiency of NPs by macrophages	185–884	5.1–6.1	73.2–89.6	(Zhou et al., 2020)

Table 2. Application of chitosan/alginate nanocarriers in the treatment of colon cancer.

Innovation points	Advantage	Particle size (μm)	Content (%)	Encapsulation efficiency (%)	Ref
Alginate and alginate-chitosan beads containing celecoxib solubilized into a self-emulsifying phase	Delay the drug release in acidic environment and to promote it in the intestinal compartment	715–896	39.78–49.63	–	(Segale et al., 2016)
Efficacy of the novel biopolymeric complex multiparticulate system consisting of chitosan, succinate and alginate for the capecitabine	CS-SA beads prolong the release of capecitabine in the colonic region, and also enhance antitumor efficacy	846.21 ± 5.46	98.26 ± 3.14	85.63 ± 2.03	(Sinha et al., 2018)
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) loaded layer-by-layer (LBL) film prepared by sequential adsorption of chitosan and alginate polyelectrolytes	The drug payload could be increased by preparing films in a LBL self-assembled manner	145.0 ± 11.6	1837.2 ± 119.9 (μg/cm^2 area of film)	–	(Janardhanam et al., 2020)
Optimized chitosan-Ca-alginate beads loaded with acid-resistant particles of 5-FU	Prolong residence time in colon, control release of encapsulated drug	14.74 ± 0.09	49.01 ± 1.8 (mg/g MP)	72.78 ± 1.10	(Glavas Dodov et al., 2009)
Crosslinked polycation MPs loaded with acid-resistant particles of 5-FU and functionalized with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)	Deliver the drug molecules to colon region, affect the transport of 5-FU into the cells	14.7	82–90	72.8	(Glavas-Dodov et al., 2013)
Sodium alginate as the shell layer and the quercetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and prebiotics as the core layer	Prebiotic activity and an enhanced colon cancer prevention property	188.3 (nm)	11.53	92.2	(Wen et al., 2018)
Innovation points: Alginate-coupled trimethyl chitosan (TMC) loaded anti-gp130 and anti-S1PR1 siRNAs	Immunotherapy of cancer by specific silencing of tumor target antigens by NPs loaded with small interfering RNA (siRNA)	110 (nm)	30	–	(Rostami et al., 2020)

Table 3. Innovation of chitosan/alginate nanoparticles in the treatment of diabetes.

Innovation points	Advantage	Particle size (nm)	Content (%)	Encapsulation efficiency (%)	Ref
Calcium ions were added into chitosan/ alginate nanoparticles to form microspheres	Protect insulin	194.25 ± 51.25	11.45	23.70	(Li et al., 2021)
Stearic acid and alginate form alginate stearic acid nanopartic-les (ASAN), then cross-linked with oleic acid modified chitosan	Improve the encapsulation of insulin	618.87 ± 6.57	6.44	76.69	(Alfatama et al., 2018)
Alginate combined with C-18 to form alginate-c18 conjugate nanoparticles (AC18N), then cross-linked with oleic acid modified chitosan	Reduce its toxicity and enhance mucus penetration and intracellular transport	522.50 ± 66.47	3.77	44.87	(Alfatama et al., 2018)
Polyalacturonic acid (PGLA), chitosan, and alginate NPs	Avoid intestinal degradation caused by pH sensitivity and improves the overall blood sugar lowering effect	225 ± 75	34.13	35.56	(Zhang et al., 2018)
Bichitosan/albumin coated alginate /dextran sulfate nanoparticles	Improve mucosal adhesion efficiency and insulin permeability	313.2 ± 2.8	10.10	72.40	(Lopes et al., 2016)
Calcium phosphate is the core of nanoparticles, Vitamin B12 grafted Chitosan and sodium alginate used as cationic and anionic polyelectrolyte, respectively.	Enhance NPs uptake	212.6 ± 6.38	7.83	75.16	(Verma et al., 2016)

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