Evaluation of Phyllanthus polyphyllus L. Extract and its Active Constituent as a Source of Antifungal, Anti-Aflatoxigenic, and Antioxidant Activities

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Antifungal activities of methanol extract of P. polyphyllus, 4-o-MGA, and synthetic fungicides against seed-borne pathogenic fungi

	Methanol extract			4-O-MGA			CO^b		ZEB^c
Organisms	% Mycelial inhibition^a	MIC (mg/mL)	MFC (mg/mL)	% Mycelial inhibition^a	MIC (mg/mL)	MFC (mg/mL)	MIC (mg/mL)	MFC (mg/mL)	MIC (mg/mL)	MFC (mg/mL)
A. brassicicola	29.4 ± 0.32	0.12	0.25	23.8 ± 0.42	2.0	4.0	0.03	0.50	0.03	0.06
A. geophila	26.4 ± 0.26	0.12	0.25	15.4 ± 0.14	2.0	4.0	0.12	2.00	0.03	0.50
A. flavus	12.7 ± 0.14	0.25	2.0	1.1 ± 0.33	4.0	>4.0	0.25	2.00	0.12	1.00
A. fumigatus	33.2 ± 0.76	0.25	2.0	6.4 ± 0.06	2.0	>4.0	0.25	2.00	0.25	1.00
A. ochraceus	29.5 ± 0.08	0.12	1.0	20.6 ± 0.23	2.0	>4.0	0.25	0.50	0.06	0.50
A. tamari	18.0 ± 0.12	0.06	0.25	0.0 ± 0.00	2.0	>4.0	0.50	2.00	0.12	0.25
A. terreus	22.1 ± 0.45	0.06	0.25	24.0 ± 0.13	2.0	>4.0	0.25	0.50	0.12	0.25
C. tetramera	39.3 ± 0.76	0.03	0.12	39.9 ± 0.55	2.0	2.0	0.25	2.00	0.01	0.50
F. equiseti	36.6 ± 0.33	0.06	0.12	0.0 ± 0.00	2.0	2.0	0.25	2.00	0.01	0.12
F. lateritium	28.5 ± 0.14	0.12	0.25	29.8 ± 0.32	2.0	2.0	0.50	2.00	0.03	0.12
F. moniliforme	21.1 ± 0.27	0.12	0.25	0.0 ± 0.00	1.0	2.0	1.00	2.00	0.06	0.25
F. oxysporum	28.7 ± 0.43	0.12	0.25	57.2 ± 0.24	2.0	2.0	0.50	2.00	0.03	0.12
F. udum	35.0 ± 0.22	0.06	0.125	43.4 ± 0.73	1.0	2.0	0.25	2.00	0.01	0.12
P. chrysogenum	29.9 ± 0.11	2.00	>4.0	9.3 ± 0.23	2.0	>8.0	0.50	2.00	0.50	2.00
P. citrinum	0.0 ± 0.00	2.00	>4.0	2.5 ± 0.14	4.0	>8.0	1.00	2.00	0.50	2.00

^aPercent (%) mycelial inhibition at 2 mg/mL.

^bCopper oxychloride 50%.

^cZinc ethylene bisthiocarbamate 75%.

Data given are the mean of three replicates ± standard error (P ≤ 0.05).

TABLE 2 In vitro and in vivo aflatoxin B₁ inhibitory activity of methanol extract of P. polyphyllus and 4-o-MGA

	Methanol extract			4-o-MGA
Sample treatments at different concentrations	MDW (μg/20 mL)	AFB1 (μg/L) in vitro*	AFB1 (μg/Kg) in vivo**	MDW (μg/20 mL)	AFB1 (μg/L) in vitro*	AFB1 (μg/Kg) in vivo**
Control	1047 ± 0.32	1500 ± 20	2500 ± 32	1047 ± 0.32	1500 ± 24	2500 ± 36
0.125	1007 ± 0.39	180 ± 12	2000 ± 28	1173 ± 0.41	1000 ± 20	2000 ± 28
0.250	973 ± 0.24	60 ± 8	2000 ± 24	978 ± 0.22	800 ± 14	2000 ± 30
0.500	948 ± 0.29	50 ± 8	1500 ± 18	943 ± 0.32	400 ± 16	2000 ± 28
1.000	963 ± 0.19	−	1500 ± 16	843 ± 0.15	100 ± 12	1500 ± 16
2.000	878 ± 0.14	−	1500 ± 18	818 ± 0.18	−	1500 ± 18
4.000	ND	ND	1000 ± 12	ND	ND	1500 ± 22

*In vitro treatment with samples at different concentrations (mg/mL).

**In vivo treatment with samples at different concentrations (mg/g).

ND: not determined; —: absent.

Data given are the mean of three replicates ± standard error (P ≤ 0.05).

FIGURE 1 DPPH radical scavenging activity of methanol extract of P. polyphyllus, 4-o-MGA, and BHT; data given are the mean of three replicates ± standard error (P ≤ 0.05).