Association of FHL5 and LPA genetic polymorphisms with diabetes mellitus risk: a case-control study

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of patients with diabetes mellitus and healthy individuals.

Characteristics		Cases n = 710	Control n = 710	p
Age	Mean ± SD	57.68 ± 12.46	57.66 ± 10.42	0.974
	>60 years	288 (40.6 %)	293 (41.3 %)
	≤60 years	422 (59.4 %)	417 (58.7 %)
Gender	Male	483 (68.0 %)	481 (67.7 %)	0.909
	Female	227 (32.0 %)	229 (32.3 %)
Smoking	Yes	346 (48.7 %)	334 (47.0 %)	0.524
	No	364 (51.3 %)	376 (53.0 %)
Drinking	Yes	330 (46.5 %)	329 (46.3 %)	0.958
	No	380 (53.5 %)	381 (53.7 %)
Course of diabets mellitus disease	>8 vs ≤8 years	305 (43.0 %)
		396 (55.8 %)
Retinal degeneration	Yes	251 (35.4 %)
	No	319 (44.9 %)
BMI	>24 kg/m^2	410 (57.7 %)	272 (55.9 %)	0.248
	≤ 24 kg/m^2	300 (42.3%)	215 (44.1 %)
FPG	Mean ± SD	8.07 ± 3.81	5.97 ± 1.42	<0.001
TC	Mean ± SD	4.03 ± 1.39	4.80 ± 0.94	<0.001
TG	Mean ± SD	2.36 ± 2.27	1.84 ± 1.48	<0.001
Ure	Mean ± SD	55.02 ± 120.86	5.12 ± 1.22	<0.001
AST	Mean ± SD	21.81 ± 15.11	25.65 ± 9.36	<0.001
AST/ALT	Mean ± SD	1.02 ± 0.41	1.11 ± 0.44	0.001
UA	Mean ± SD	264.02 ± 150.19	329.84 ± 80.67	<0.001
Cys-c	Mean ± SD	1.03 ± 1.81

BMI: body mass index; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; Ure: urea; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; UA: uric acid; Cys-c: cystatin c.

p < 0.05 and bold text indicate statistical significance.

Figure 1. Comparisons of the genotype frequency and allele frequency of SNPs of FHL5/LPA genes in DM case and healthy control. (a) Comparisons of the genotype frequency of rs2252816 of FHL5 gene between the two groups. (b) Comparisons of the genotype frequency of rs9373985 of FHL5 gene between the two groups. (c) Comparisons of the genotype frequency of rs3124784 of LPA gene between the two groups. (d) Comparisons of the genotype frequency of rs7765781 of LPA gene between the two groups. (e) Comparisons of the allele frequency of rs2252816 of FHL5 gene between the two groups. (f) Comparisons of the allele frequency of rs9373985 of FHL5 gene between the two groups. (g) Comparisons of the allele frequency of rs3124784 of LPA gene between the two groups. (h) Comparisons of the allele frequency of rs7765781 of LPA gene between the two groups. ‘*’ indicate statistical significance at the 0.05 level.

Figure 2. Analysis of the association between susceptibility of DM and SNPs. DM, diabetes mellitus; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms; or, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; p values represent adjusted for age, gender, smoking, and drinking; p < 0.05, bold text and ‘*’ indicate statistical significance.

Table 2. the Basic information and HWE about the selected SNPs.

Gene	SNP ID	Chrs	Position	Function	Alleles (A/B)	MAF		HWE (p value)	HaploReg v4.2
						Cases	Control
FHL5	rs2252816	6	96610698	nonsynonymous	G/A	0.463	0.452	1.000	Enhancer histone marks
FHL5	rs9373985	6	96615646	nonsynonymous	G/C	0.340	0.330	0.611	Motifs changed, Selected eQTL hits
LPA	rs3124784	6	160531806	nonsynonymous	A/G	0.160	0.134	0.872	Motifs changed
LPA	rs7765781	6	160586464	nonsynonymous	C/G	0.448	0.427	1.000	Motifs changed

HWE: Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphisms; Chrs: chromosome number; Alleles (A/B): minor/major allele; MAF: minor allele frequency.

p > 0.05 indicates that the genotypes were in Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium.

Table 3. the SNPs associated with susceptibility of diabetes mellitus in the subgroup tests (age and gender).

SNP ID	Model	Genotype	Age				Gender
			≤ 60 (N = 839)	p	> 60 (N = 581)	p	Male (N = 964)	p	Female (N = 456)	p
			OR (95 % CI)		OR (95 % CI)		OR (95 % CI)		OR (95 % CI)
rs2252816	Allele	G	1.00 (0.82–1.21)	0.975	1.12 (0.89–1.41)	0.334	1.07 (0.90–1.29)	0.435	0.99 (0.76–1.28)	0.936
		A	1		1		1		1
	Codominant	GA	0.97 (0.71–1.33)	0.853	1.41 (0.96–2.07)	0.076	1.14 (0.85–1.54)	0.379	1.08 (0.70–1.66)	0.733
		GG	1.01 (0.68–1.48)	0.979	1.24 (0.76–2.03)	0.384	1.15 (0.79–1.66)	0.463	0.99 (0.58–1.70)	0.976
		AA	1		1		1		1
	Dominant	GA-GG	0.98 (0.73–1.32)		1.37 (0.95–1.97)	0.092	1.14 (0.86–1.52)	0.349	1.05 (0.70–1.58)	0.806
		AA-GA	1		1		1		1
	Recessive	GG	1.02 (0.74–1.42)		0.99 (0.65–1.52)	0.981	1.05 (0.77–1.44)	0.747	0.95 (0.59–1.52)	0.821
		AA-GG	1		1		1		1
	Log-additive	–	1.00 (0.83–1.21)	0.997	1.15 (0.90–1.46)	0.268	1.08 (0.90–1.29)	0.427	1.00 (0.77–1.31)	0.975
rs9373985	Allele	G	1.04 (0.85–1.27)	0.698	1.05 (0.82–1.34)	0.696	1.07 (0.88–1.29)	0.512	1.00 (0.76–1.32)	0.983
		C	1		1		1		1
	Codominant	GC	0.93 (0.69–1.24)	0.603	1.24 (0.88–1.76)	0.218	1.04 (0.79–1.36)	0.802	0.97 (0.65–1.44)	0.881
		GG	1.20 (0.76–1.89)	0.423	0.91 (0.51–1.64)	0.759	1.13 (0.73–1.73)	0.581	0.96 (0.50–1.85)	0.894
		CC	1		1		1		1
	Dominant	GC-GG	0.98 (0.74–1.28)		1.18 (0.85–1.64)	0.332	1.05 (0.81–1.36)	0.695	0.97 (0.66–1.41)	0.864
		CC-GC	1		1		1		1
	Recessive	GG	1.25 (0.82–1.92)		0.82 (0.47–1.44)	0.485	1.11 (0.74–1.66)	0.619	0.97 (0.52–1.82)	0.926
		CC-GG	1		1		1		1
	Log-additive	–	1.04 (0.85–1.27)	0.715	1.06 (0.82–1.36)	0.669	1.05 (0.87–1.28)	0.598	0.97 (0.73–1.30)	0.863
rs3124784	Allele	A	1.23 (0.93–1.63)	0.141	1.23 (0.90–1.69)	0.186	1.33 (1.03–1.71)	0.028*	1.05 (0.73–1.52)	0.787
		G	1		1		1		1
	Codominant	AG	1.36 (0.98–1.87)	0.063	1.29 (0.89–1.87)	0.181	1.41 (1.06–1.89)	0.020*	1.17 (0.75–1.83)	0.479
		AA	0.93 (0.31–2.80)	0.894	1.41 (0.46–4.33)	0.546	1.50 (0.51–4.41)	0.459	0.86 (0.26–2.83)	0.801
		GG	1		1		1		1
	Dominant	AG-AA	1.32 (0.97–1.81)		1.30 (0.90–1.86)	0.158	1.42 (1.06–1.89)	0.017*	1.14 (0.74–1.74)	0.552
		GG-AG	1		1		1		1
	Recessive	AA	0.86 (0.29–2.59)		1.31 (0.43–4.01)	0.632	1.37 (0.47–4.00)	0.568	0.82 (0.25–2.70)	0.750
		GG-AA	1		1		1		1
	Log-additive	–	1.25 (0.94–1.67)	0.125	1.26 (0.91–1.74)	0.162	1.37 (1.05–1.79)	0.019*	1.08 (0.75–1.56)	0.677
rs7765781	Allele	C	1.29 (1.06–1.57)	0.010*	0.86 (0.68–1.09)	0.209	1.11 (0.93–1.33)	0.250	1.04 (0.80–1.36)	0.744
		G	1		1		1		1
	Codominant	CG	1.49 (1.09–2.02)	0.011*	0.65 (0.44–0.96)	0.031*	1.25 (0.94–1.67)	0.125	0.82 (0.53–1.27)	0.375
		CC	1.60 (1.06–2.42)	0.025*	0.76 (0.48–1.21)	0.243	1.19 (0.82–1.72)	0.357	1.14 (0.66–1.97)	0.646
		GG	1		1		1		1
	Dominant	CG-CC	1.51 (1.13–2.03)	0.005*	0.69 (0.48–0.98)	0.041*	1.24 (0.94–1.62)	0.129	0.90 (0.60–1.36)	0.616
		GG-CG	1		1		1		1
	Recessive	CC	1.26 (0.87–1.82)	0.218	0.99 (0.66–1.46)	0.946	1.04 (0.75–1.44)	0.824	1.28 (0.80–2.07)	0.303
		GG-CC	1		1		1		1
	Log-additive	–	1.30 (1.07–1.59)	0.010*	0.85 (0.68–1.08)	0.180	1.11 (0.93–1.33)	0.256	1.04 (0.79–1.36)	0.798

SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; OR: odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

p < 0.05, bold text and ‘*’ indicate statistical significance.

Table 4. the SNPs associated with susceptibility of diabetes mellitus in the subgroup tests (smoking and drinking).

SNP ID	Model	Genotype	Smoking				Drinking
			Yes (N = 680)	p	No (N = 740)	p	Yes (N = 659)	p	No (N = 761)	p
			OR (95 % CI)		OR (95 % CI)		OR (95 % CI)		OR (95 % CI)
rs2252816	Allele	G	0.99 (0.80–1.22)	0.904	1.10 (0.90–1.35)	0.351	1.05 (0.85–1.30)	0.658	1.04 (0.85–1.28)	0.684
		A	1		1		1		1
	Codominant	GA	0.91 (0.63–1.29)	0.586	1.34 (0.95–1.88)	0.092	0.99 (0.69–1.41)	0.939	1.25 (0.90–1.74)	0.184
		GG	0.99 (0.64–1.52)	0.956	1.21 (0.79–1.85)	0.392	1.12 (0.72–1.74)	0.602	1.04 (0.69–1.58)	0.839
		AA	1		1		1		1
	Dominant	GA-GG	0.93 (0.66–1.30)	0.673	1.30 (0.94–1.79)	0.109	1.03 (0.73–1.44)	0.884	1.19 (0.87–1.63)	0.278
		AA-GA	1		1		1		1
	Recessive	GG	1.05 (0.73–1.52)	0.790	1.00 (0.69–1.45)	0.999	1.13 (0.78–1.65)	0.511	0.91 (0.63–1.29)	0.584
		AA-GG	1		1		1		1
	Log-additive	–	0.99 (0.80–1.22)	0.908	1.12 (0.91–1.39)	0.290	1.05 (0.85–1.31)	0.635	1.04 (0.85–1.28)	0.693
rs9373985	Allele	G	0.91 (0.73–1.14)	0.416	1.19 (0.95–1.48)	0.123	1.05 (0.84–1.32)	0.671	1.04 (0.84–1.29)	0.717
		C	1		1		1		1
	Codominant	GC	0.75 (0.54–1.05)	0.091	1.32 (0.97–1.79)	0.076	0.99 (0.71–1.37)	0.950	1.10 (0.81–1.48)	0.550
		GG	0.90 (0.55–1.46)	0.664	1.28 (0.75–2.18)	0.372	1.17 (0.71–1.93)	0.541	1.02 (0.61–1.68)	0.949
		CC	1		1		1		1
	Dominant	GC-GG	0.78 (0.58–1.07)	0.124	1.31 (0.98–1.76)	0.070	1.03 (0.75–1.40)	0.875	1.08 (0.81–1.44)	0.592
		CC-GC	1		1		1		1
	Recessive	GG	1.03 (0.66–1.63)	0.886	1.10 (0.66–1.84)	0.705	1.18 (0.73–1.89)	0.504	0.97 (0.60–1.57)	0.900
		CC-GG	1		1		1		1
	Log-additive	–	0.89 (0.71–1.11)	0.297	1.20 (0.96–1.51)	0.114	1.05 (0.84–1.32)	0.663	1.04 (0.84–1.30)	0.724
rs3124784	Allele	A	1.20 (0.89–1.62)	0.241	1.26 (0.95–1.68)	0.110	1.18 (0.87–1.61)	0.284	1.28 (0.96–1.70)	0.093
		G	1		1		1		1
	Codominant	AG	1.21 (0.85–1.72)	0.287	1.46 (1.04–2.04)	0.027*	1.22 (0.86–1.73)	0.269	1.42 (1.02–1.97)	0.038*
		AA	1.72 (0.52–5.66)	0.376	0.81 (0.28–2.38)	0.702	1.26 (0.38–4.21)	0.702	0.97 (0.35–2.72)	0.954
		GG	1		1		1		1
	Dominant	AG-AA	1.24 (0.88–1.75)	0.225	1.40 (1.01–1.94)	0.042*	1.22 (0.87–1.72)	0.253	1.38 (1.00–1.90)	0.049*
		GG-AG	1		1		1		1
	Recessive	AA	1.63 (0.50–5.37)	0.420	0.73 (0.25–2.15)	0.574	1.20 (0.36–3.98)	0.766	0.89 (0.32–2.48)	0.820
		GG-AA	1		1		1		1
	Log-additive	–	1.23 (0.90–1.69)	0.188	1.29 (0.96–1.73)	0.093	1.20 (0.87–1.64)	0.263	1.28 (0.96–1.71)	0.088
rs7765781	Allele	C	1.20 (0.97–1.49)	0.096	1.00 (0.81–1.23)	0.981	1.09 (0.88–1.36)	0.433	1.09 (0.89–1.33)	0.415
		G	1		1		1		1
	Codominant	CG	1.19 (0.84–1.68)	0.325	1.01 (0.72–1.41)	0.955	1.32 (0.93–1.87)	0.122	0.95 (0.68–1.31)	0.734
		CC	1.45 (0.93–2.27)	0.100	0.96 (0.63–1.47)	0.860	1.13 (0.72–1.77)	0.587	1.24 (0.82–1.88)	0.305
		GG	1		1		1		1
	Dominant	CG-CC	1.26 (0.91–1.74)	0.171	1.00 (0.73–1.36)	0.982	1.26 (0.91–1.76)	0.165	1.02 (0.75–1.39)	0.898
		GG-CG	1		1		1		1
	Recessive	CC	1.31 (0.88–1.94)	0.181	0.96 (0.66–1.38)	0.816	0.96 (0.65–1.41)	0.818	1.29 (0.89–1.85)	0.177
		GG-CC	1		1		1		1
	Log-additive	–	1.20 (0.97–1.50)	0.097	0.98 (0.80–1.21)	0.884	1.09 (0.88–1.36)	0.427	1.09 (0.89–1.34)	0.400

SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

p < 0.05, bold text and ‘*’ indicate statistical significance.

Table 5. the SNPs associated with susceptibility of diabetes mellitus in the subgroup tests (course of diabetes mellitus and retinal degeneration).

SNP ID	Model	Genotype	Course of diabetes mellitus		Retinal degeneration
			>8 vs ≤ 8 years (N = 701)	p	Retinal degeneration vs no retinal degeneration (N = 570)	p
			OR (95 % CI)		OR (95 % CI)
rs2252816	Allele	G	0.82 (0.66–1.01)	0.062	1.05 (0.83–1.33)	0.683
		A	1		1
	Codominant	GA	0.67 (0.46–0.97)	0.034*	1.23 (0.82–1.84)	0.314
		GG	0.61 (0.38–0.96)	0.035*	1.10 (0.67–1.81)	0.702
		AA	1		1
	Dominant	GA-GG	0.65 (0.46–0.93)	0.017*	1.19 (0.81–1.74)	0.369
		AA-GA	1		1
	Recessive	GG	0.79 (0.53–1.17)	0.238	0.96 (0.63–1.47)	0.868
		AA-GG	1		1
	Log-additive	–	0.77 (0.61–0.97)	0.026*	1.06 (0.83–1.36)	0.629
rs9373985	Allele	G	0.86 (0.69–1.08)	0.190	1.07 (0.84–1.37)	0.592
		C	1		1
	Codominant	GC	0.81 (0.58–1.13)	0.212	1.36 (0.94–1.97)	0.098
		GG	0.72 (0.42–1.24)	0.240	0.99 (0.56–1.76)	0.977
		CC	1		1
	Dominant	GC-GG	0.79 (0.57–1.09)	0.149	1.28 (0.90–1.81)	0.168
		CC-GC	1		1
	Recessive	GG	0.81 (0.49–1.34)	0.411	0.85 (0.49–1.46)	0.552
		CC-GG	1		1
	Log-additive	–	0.84 (0.66–1.06)	0.143	1.10 (0.85–1.42)	0.462
rs3124784	Allele	A	1.07 (0.80–1.42)	0.664	0.85 (0.61–1.18)	0.328
		G	1		1
	Codominant	AG	1.06 (0.74–1.50)	0.755	0.74 (0.50–1.10)	0.135
		AA	0.93 (0.29–2.95)	0.901	1.79 (0.45–7.06)	0.407
		GG	1		1
	Dominant	AG-AA	1.05 (0.74–1.48)	0.785	0.78 (0.53–1.14)	0.201
		GG-AG	1		1
	Recessive	AA	0.91 (0.29–2.89)	0.880	1.94 (0.49–7.63)	0.343
		GG-AA	1		1
	Log-additive	–	1.03 (0.76–1.41)	0.837	0.85 (0.60–1.20)	0.348
rs7765781	Allele	C	1.11 (0.90–1.37)	0.348	1.00 (0.79–1.26)	0.994
		G	1		1
	Codominant	CG	1.29 (0.89–1.86)	0.176	1.15 (0.77–1.71)	0.496
		CC	1.19 (0.75–1.87)	0.460	0.99 (0.61–1.61)	0.962
		GG	1		1
	Dominant	CG-CC	1.26 (0.89–1.78)	0.193	1.10 (0.75–1.60)	0.627
		GG-CG	1		1
	Recessive	CC	1.02 (0.68–1.51)	0.938	0.91 (0.59–1.39)	0.653
		GG-CC	1		1
	Log-additive	–	1.11 (0.89–1.39)	0.370	1.01 (0.79–1.28)	0.955

SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

p < 0.05, bold text and ‘*’ indicate statistical significance.

Table 6. the SNPs associated with susceptibility of diabetes mellitus in the subgroup tests (BMI).

SNP ID	Model	Genotype	BMI
			≤ 24 (N = 515)	p	>24 (N = 682)	p
			OR (95 % CI)		OR (95 % CI)
rs2252816	Allele	G	1.11 (0.86–1.42)	0.427	1.00 (0.80–1.24)	0.969
		A	1		1
	Codominant	GA	1.22 (0.81–1.84)	0.347	1.11 (0.77–1.61)	0.572
		GG	1.27 (0.76–2.13)	0.367	1.01 (0.65–1.58)	0.966
		AA	1		1
	Dominant	GA-GG	1.23 (0.84–1.82)	0.292	1.08 (0.76–1.53)	0.664
		AA-GA	1		1
	Recessive	GG	1.12 (0.72–1.76)	0.615	0.94 (0.65–1.38)	0.765
		AA-GG	1		1
	Log-additive	–	1.14 (0.88–1.47)	0.328	1.01 (0.81–1.26)	0.918
rs9373985	Allele	G	1.17 (0.90–1.52)	0.249	0.88 (0.70–1.11)	0.287
		C	1		1
	Codominant	GC	1.11 (0.76–1.61)	0.598	0.91 (0.65–1.27)	0.563
		GG	1.59 (0.85–2.97)	0.146	0.77 (0.46–1.30)	0.333
		CC	1		1
	Dominant	GC-GG	1.18 (0.83–1.69)	0.357	0.88 (0.64–1.21)	0.420
		CC-GC	1		1
	Recessive	GG	1.51 (0.83–2.74)	0.174	0.81 (0.50–1.33)	0.411
		CC-GG	1		1
	Log-additive	–	1.20 (0.92–1.58)	0.184	0.89 (0.70–1.12)	0.322
rs3124784	Allele	A	1.03 (0.73–1.46)	0.849	1.36 (0.99–1.87)	0.054
		G	1		1
	Codominant	AG	1.08 (0.72–1.62)	0.703	1.57 (1.09–2.27)	0.015*
		AA	1.18 (0.32–4.33)	0.805	1.48 (0.36–6.15)	0.590
		GG	1		1
	Dominant	AG-AA	1.09 (0.73–1.61)	0.675	1.57 (1.10–2.25)	0.014*
		GG-AG	1		1
	Recessive	AA	1.15 (0.32–4.21)	0.831	1.32 (0.32–5.43)	0.703
		GG-AA	1		1
	Log-additive	–	1.08 (0.76–1.55)	0.662	1.50 (1.07–2.11)	0.018*
rs7765781	Allele	C	1.31 (1.02–1.69)	0.034*	0.99 (0.79–1.23)	0.898
		G	1		1
	Codominant	CG	1.27 (0.85–1.91)	0.243	1.02 (0.72–1.46)	0.903
		CC	1.92 (1.10–3.33)	0.021*	0.91 (0.58–1.43)	0.686
		GG	1		1
	Dominant	CG-CC	1.40 (0.95–2.07)	0.087	0.99 (0.71–1.38)	0.947
		GG-CG	1		1
	Recessive	CC	1.64 (1.01–2.68)	0.047*	0.90 (0.61–1.34)	0.601
		GG-CC	1		1
	Log-additive	–	1.36 (1.04–1.78)	0.023*	0.96 (0.77–1.20)	0.737

SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

p < 0.05, bold text and ‘*’ indicate statistical significance.

Figure 3. Dendrogram of SNP-SNP interactions. The colors in the tree diagram represent synergy or redundancy.

Table 7. SNP–SNP interaction models analyzed by the MDR method.

Model	Training Bal. Acc	Testing Bal. Acc	OR (95 % CI)	p value	CVC
rs3124784	0.527	0.506	1.30 (1.03–1.64)	0.0282	9/10
rs2252816, rs3124784	0.534	0.489	1.28 (1.04–1.58)	0.0208	6/10
rs9373985, rs3124784, rs7765781	0.549	0.489	1.45 (1.18–1.79)	0.0005	6/10
rs2252816, rs9373985, rs3124784, rs7765781	0.561	0.501	1.60 (1.30–1.97)	p < 0.0001	10/10

MDR: multifactor dimensionality reduction; Bal. Acc.: balanced accuracy; CVC: cross-validation consistency; OR: odds ratio; 95 % CI: 95 % confidence interval.

p values were calculated using χ² tests; p < 0.05 and bold text indicate statistical significance.

Table 8. Clinical characteristics of patients (N = 710) based on the genotypes of selected SNPs.

Characteristics	rs2252816				rs9373985
	GG	GA	AA	p	GG	GC	CC	p
FPG	7.84 ± 4.15	8.06 ± 3.73	8.27 ± 3.70	0.594	8.57 ± 4.87	7.82 ± 3.55	8.20 ± 3.76	0.207
TC	4.03 ± 1.36	4.02 ± 1.38	4.06 ± 1.43	0.941	4.04 ± 1.56	4.05 ± 1.36	4.01 ± 1.37	0.917
TG	2.35 ± 2.28	2.44 ± 2.33	2.22 ± 1.16	0.554	2.62 ± 2.70	2.33 ± 2.21	2.32 ± 2.22	0.553
LDL-C	2.53 ± 0.79	2.57 ± 0.95	2.64 ± 1.00	0.565	2.44 ± 0.80	2.61 ± 0.97	2.58 ± 0.93	0.360
HDL-C	1.17 ± 1.18	1.09 ± 0.60	1.08 ± 0.30	0.405	1.27 ± 1.56	1.10 ± 0.63	1.06 ± 0.30	0.065
Ure	53.50 ± 120.64	44.84 ± 106.56	75.39 ± 142.58	0.018*	55.63 ± 120.52	46.90 ± 108.26	63.50 ± 132.86	0.234
Cr	66.76 ± 31.73	67.71 ± 44.62	68.84 ± 55.68	0.916	67.92 ± 34.39	68.52 ± 47.34	67.17 ± 46.57	0.935
GFR	105.19 ± 29.79	106.28 ± 31.06	106.20 ± 25.35	0.940	103.88 ± 32.66	105.33 ± 28.54	107.40 ± 29.10	0.599
AST	22.31 ± 15.79	21.93 ± 16.83	21.24 ± 10.91	0.827	23.08 ± 18.54	21.78 ± 15.26	21.53 ± 13.97	0.762
ALT	27.30 ± 30.04	25.43 ± 26.75	24.24 ± 19.65	0.616	28.57 ± 36.62	24.90 ± 19.83	25.21 ± 27.40	0.577
AST/ALT	0.97 ± 0.32	1.02 ± 0.41	1.07 ± 0.46	0.119	0.97 ± 0.29	1.00 ± 0.40	1.06 ± 0.44	0.147
TBA	5.36 ± 6.20	5.68 ± 5.31	5.60 ± 5.33	0.874	6.23 ± 7.98	5.59 ± 5.35	5.40 ± 4.77	0.566
UA	271.22 ± 150.94	271.92 ± 146.02	243.66 ± 155.57	0.134	272.03 ± 145.09	271.53 ± 150.38	254.29 ± 151.32	0.398
GHbA1c	8.38 ± 2.22	8.39 ± 2.30	8.43 ± 2.06	0.978	8.56 ± 2.52	8.38 ± 2.17	8.37 ± 2.19	0.789
Cys-c	1.38 ± 3.87	0.95 ± 0.44	0.94 ± 0.47	0.035*	1.78 ± 5.22	0.94 ± 0.45	0.94 ± 0.42	0.001*

FPG: fasting plasma glucose; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triacylglycerol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Ure: Urea; Cr: creatinine; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; TBA: total bile acid; UA: uric acid; GHbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; Cys-c: cystatin c.

p < 0.05, bold text and ‘*’ represent statistical significance.