Prevalence of frailty among community-dwelling elderly persons in Spain and factors associated with it

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive analysis of the study population.

	PHC
	Gipuzkoa	Costa del Sol
Reference Population	385 000	474 000
Elderly people (%)	11.9	11.1
Urban area^a (%)	44	100

^aRecruited population resident in towns with >50 000 inhabitants.

Table 2. Descriptive analysis of the study population, total and segmented by geographical area.

	Total n = 855 n (%)	Gipuzkoa n = 423 n (%)	Costa del Sol n = 432 n (%)	P
Sex
Male	402 (47.0)	184 (43.5)	218 (50.5)	0.049
Female	453 (53.0)	239 (56.5)	214 (49.5)
Age
Mean/SD	78.1 (5.0)	80.1 (4.2)	76.2 (4.9)	<0.001
Education background^a
None or only primary	680 (80.9)	338 (82.6)	342 (79.2)	0.233
Secondary or university	161 (19.1)	71 (17.4)	90 (20.8)
Marital status^b
Married—civil partnership	541 (64.1)	250 (60.7)	291 (67.4)	0.024
Single	38 (4.5)	15 (3.6)	23 (5.3)
Separated—divorced—widowed	265 (31.4)	147 (35.7)	118 (27.3)
Family income^c
≤€1200	501 (61.5)	246 (64.1)	255 (59.3)	0.186
> €1200	313 (38.5)	138 (35.9)	175 (40.7)
BMI^d
Mean/SD	28.9 (4.3)	28.2 (4.1)	29.6 (4.4)	<0.001
Smoking^e
Non-smoker	478 (56.0)	253 (60.0)	225 (52.1)	0.037
Ex-smoker	322 (37.7)	141 (33.4)	181 (41.9)
Smoker	54 (6.3)	28 (6.6)	26 (6.0)
Cumulative illness rating scale (0–56)^f
Mean/SD	6.6 (3.7)	5.1 (2.9)	8.1 (3.8)	<0.001
Number of medicinal drugs taken^g
Mean/SD	5.4 (3.3)	5.1 (3.4)	5.8 (3.2)	0.002
Self-perceived lifestyle^h
Healthy	727 (86.1)	368 (89.1)	359 (83.3)	0.019
‘Intermediate’—unhealthy	117 (13.9)	45 (10.9)	72 (16.7)
Health status (0–100)
Mean/SD	75.0 (17.2)	73.9 (15.2)	76.1 (19.0)	0.069
Satisfaction with the domestic environment^i
Satisfied	768 (90.9)	386 (93.2)	382 (88.6)	0.027
Unsatisfied	77 (9.1)	28 (6.8)	49 (11.4)
Traumatic event during the last year^j
No	364 (43.2)	175 (42.7)	189 (43.8)	0.808
Yes	478 (56.8)	235 (57.3)	243 (56.3)
Cognitive status^k
Normal	643 (75.4)	340 (80.4)	303 (70.5)	<0.001
Slight deficit	149 (17.5)	68 (16.1)	81 (18.8)
Cognitive impairment	61 (7.2)	15 (3.5)	46 (10.7)

In the qualitative variables, n (%) is represented in each category. SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index (kg/m²).

Missing values.

^a14;

^b11;

^c41;

^d1;

^e1;

^f1;

^g1;

^h11;

ⁱ10;

^j13;

^k2.

Table 3. Simple and logistic regression according to the presence of frailty.

	Bivariate				Multivariate
Total	OR	95%CI		P	OR	95%CI		P
		Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Area
Gipuzkoa	1.00			<0.001	1.00			<0.001
Costa del Sol	3.70	2.65	5.18		3.51	2.29	5.36
Sex
Male	1.00			<0.001	1.00			<0.001
Female	2.08	1.51	2.86		1.98	1.37	2.86
Age
≤80	1.00			0.548	–
>80	1.11	0.80	1.53
Education background
None or only primary	0.95	0.65	1.40	0.795	–
Secondary or university	1.00
Marital status
Married—civil partnership	1.00			0.230	–
Single	1.10	0.52	2.32
Separated—divorced—widowed	1.33	0.96	1.84
Family income
≤€1200	1.36	0.98	1.89	0.063	–
>€1200	1.00
BMI
	1.06	1.02	1.09	0.002	–
Smoking
Non-smoker	1.86	0.91	3.80	0.024
Ex-smoker	1.25	0.60	2.60		–
Smoker	1.00
Cumulative illness rating scale (0–56)
	1.17	1.12	1.23	<0.001	1.05	1.00	1.10	0.04
Number of medicinal drugs taken
	1.17	1.11	1.22	<0.001	–
Self-perceived life style
Healthy	1.00			<0.001	1.00			0.012
‘Intermediate’—unhealthy	4.58	3.05	6.86		3.37	2.05	5.54
Health status (0–100)
	0.97	0.96	0.98	<0.001	0.96	0.95	0.97	<0.001
Satisfaction with the domestic environment
Satisfied	1.00			<0.001	1.00			0.012
Unsatisfied	3.26	2.02	5.25		2.11	1.18	3.76
Traumatic event during the last year
No	1.00			0.116	–
Yes	1.29	0.94	1.76
Cognitive status
Normal	1.00			<0.001	1.00			<0.001
Slight deficit	2.24	1.53	3.29		2.07	1.31	3.26
Cognitive impairment	5.52	3.20	9.52		4.10	2.05	8.19

BMI: body mass index (kg/m²). In the quantitative variables, the increase in risk is expressed per unit of corresponding scale.

Multivariate model fit (n = 801), Hosmer–Lemeshow (P = .665), Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.519.