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Research Article

Effects of garden cress, fenugreek and black seed on the pharmacodynamics of metoprolol: an herb-drug interaction study in rats with hypertension

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Pages 1086-1095 | Received 09 Dec 2020, Accepted 22 Jul 2021, Published online: 15 Aug 2021

Figures & data

Figure 1. Effects of garden cress with and without MT on SBP and DBP of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate; SBP: systolic blood pressure.

Figure 1. Effects of garden cress with and without MT on SBP and DBP of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate; SBP: systolic blood pressure.

Figure 2. Effects of fenugreek with and without MT on SBP and DBP of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate; SBP: systolic blood pressure.

Figure 2. Effects of fenugreek with and without MT on SBP and DBP of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate; SBP: systolic blood pressure.

Figure 3. Effects of black seed with and without MT on SBP and DBP of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate; SBP: systolic blood pressure.

Figure 3. Effects of black seed with and without MT on SBP and DBP of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate; SBP: systolic blood pressure.

Figure 4. Effects of garden cress with and without MT on MAP and HR of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate.

Figure 4. Effects of garden cress with and without MT on MAP and HR of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate.

Figure 5. Effects of fenugreek with and without MT on MAP and HR of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate.

Figure 5. Effects of fenugreek with and without MT on MAP and HR of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate.

Figure 6. Effects of black seed with and without MT on MAP and HR of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate.

Figure 6. Effects of black seed with and without MT on MAP and HR of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate.