The association between increased subjective sensation of fetal movements and pregnancy outcome–a prospective cohort and a retrospective comparative analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study design flow chart.

Table 1. Demographic characteristic of the study cohorts.

	IFM N = 153	Control N = 299	p-Value
Age (mean ± SD)	32.24 ± 4.36	32.24 ± 4.39	0.99
G (%)			0.039
1	80 (52.3)	122(40.8)
2	38 (24.8)	79 (26.4)
≥3	35 (22.9)	98 (32.8)
P (%)			0.002
0	105 (75.5)	155 (51.5)
1	29 (20.8)	87 (29.1)
≥2	19 (13.7)	58 (19.4)
Previous CS (%)			0.009
0	144 (94.1)	256 (85.9)
1	9 (5.9)	29 (9.7)
2		12 (4)
3		1 (0.3)
Previous abortion (%)			0.512
0	109 (71.2)	199 (66.5)
1-2	42 (27.5)	92 (30.8)
>3	2 (1.3)	8 (2.7)
BMI (mean ± SD)	22.03 ± 3.83	22.06 ± 3.63	0.94
Height (mean ± SD)	163.63 ± 5.79	163.27 ± 12.69	0.74
SSRI use (%)	6 (3.9)	15 (5)	0.81
Pregnancy Diagnosis
GDMA1	9 (5.9)	13 (4.3)	0.28
GDMA2	2 (1.3)	3 (1)
FGR	1 (0.7)	0 (0.00)
CH:	1 (0.7)	0 (0.00)

G:gravida: P:parity: CS: cesarean section: GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus: FGR: fetal growth restriction: CHT: chronic hypertension.

Table 2. Delivery and neonatal outcome of the study cohort.

	IFM	Control	p-Value
	N = 139	N = 299
Gestational age at delivery (mean ± SD)	40.02 ± 1.127	40.14 ± 1.97	0.522
Meconium (%)	35 (25.2)	72 (24.1)	0.81
Labor initiation			0.005
Spontaneous	83 (59.7)	183 (61.2)
Induction	31 (22.3)	47 (15.7)
Augmentation	12 (8.6)	11 (3.7)
Elective CS	13 (9.4)	58 (19.4)
Induction/Augmentation indications			0.069
Vaginal Bleeding	1 (0.7)	0
PROM	7 (5)	4 (1.3)
Clexane ”window”	2 (1.4)	1 (0.3)
NRFHR	3 (2.1)	11 (3.7)
Post - date	10 (7.2)	21 (7)
RFM	2 (1.4)	1 (0.3)
Susp. FGR	1 (0.7)	1 (0.3)
Susp. Macrosomia	0	1 (0.3)
Oligohydramnios	1 (0.7)	4 (1.3)
Meconium	6 (4.3)	4 (1.3)
GDM	0	3 (1)
Unstable lie	0	2 (0.7)
Latent phase	8 (5.7)	4 (1.3)
Mode of delivery			0.025
Normal delivery	94 (67.6)	190 (63.2)
Vacuum	14 (10.1)	29 (9.7)
Planned CS	13 (9.4)	58 (19.4)
Emergency CS	18 (12.9)	23 (7.7)
NRFHR			0.048
No	118 (84.9)	273 (91.3)
Yes	21 (15.1)	26 (8.7)
Manualysis	5 (3.6)	3 (1)	0.094
Revision	5 (3.6)	6 (2)
Vacuum indication			0.506
NRFHR	8 (5.7)	17 (5.7)
PSS	4 (2.9)	10 (3.3)
Both	2 (1.4)	2 (0.7)
Exhausted	1 (0.7)	0 (0.00)
CS indication			<0.001
Predicted causes
SPCS	5 (3.6)	36 (12)
Maternal request	4 (2.9)	8 (2.7)
Susp. macrosomia	4 (2.9)	3 (1)
S/P shoulder dystocia	1 (0.7)	0
Breech presentation	1 (0.7)	12 (4)
Placenta previa/low lying	0	4 (1.3)
Herpes	0	1 (0.3)
Intrapartum causes
Failed vacuum	1 (0.7)	0
Arrest of dilation/descent	4 (2.9)	8 (2.7)
NRFHR	11 (7.9)	7 (2.3)
Suspected abruption	0	1 (0.3)
Apgar 1 < 7	3 (2.1)	6 (2)	1
Apgar 5 < 7	0	0	1
Birth weight (Mean ± SD)	3289.63 ± 385.16	3346.53 ± 403.65	0.164
SGA 1	9 (6.5)	19 (6.3)	0.875
LGA 2	8(5.8)	22 (7.3)

NRFHR: non reassuring fetal heart rate; PSS: prolonged second stage; SGA: small for gestational age; LGA: large for gestational age; FGR: fetal growth restriction.

Table 3. Regression model for the possible variables associated with IFM sensation.

	OR	95% CI	p-Value
Primiparity	1.96	1.22–3.12	0.005
Previous CS	0.57	0.25–1.30	0.18
Age	1.03	0.98–1.08	0.19
BMI	1.00	0.95–1.06	0.92

IFM: increased fetal movements.

Table 4. Regression model for the possible variables associated with NRFHR affecting mode of delivery.

	OR	95% CI	p-Value
Primiparity	11.08	3.21–38.28	0.00
Previous CS	0.00	0.00–0.00	0.99
Age	1.13	1.04–1.23	0.005
BMI	0.99	0.90–1.09	0.95
IFM	1.10	0.55–2.19	0.78
Induction	2.46	1.18–5.15	0.02
Augmentation	5.05	1.76–14.51	0.003
Elective CS	0.00	0.00–0.00	0.99

IFM: increased fetal movements.

Table 5. Multinominal regression model for the possible variables associated with mode of delivery ^a.

		OR	95% CI	p-Value
Vacuum	Age	1.03	0.94–1.13	0.43
	Primara^b	16.03	3.71–69.15	0.0001
	BMI	0.96	0.85–1.08	0.49
	IFM^c	0.65	0.31–1.35	0.25
	SPCS^d	n/a	n/a
	Induction^e	1.81	0.82–3.98	0.14
	Augmentation^f	2.47	0.69–8.84	0.16
Planned CS	Age	1.10	1.01–1.25	0.01
	Primara	3.91	1.54–9.90	0.004
	BMI	1.15	1.06–1.25	<0.0001
	IFM	0.57	0.25–1.29	0.18
	SPCS	35.51	12.30–102.49	<0.0001
	Induction	n/a	n/a
	Augmentation	n/a	n/a
Emergency CS	Age	1.15	1.05–1.26	0.002
	Primara	7.56	2.37–24.10	0.0006
	BMI	1.09	1.00–1.19	0.05
	IFM	0.96	0.45–2.06	0.93
	SPCS	17.43	3.44–88.26	0.0005
	Induction	5.35	2.30–12.41	<0.0001
	Augmentation	10.09	2.89–35.18	0.0002

^aReference is vaginal delivery.

^breference is para.

^creference is control.

^dreference is no CS.

^ereference is no induction.

^freference is no augmentation.

n/a: no cases.