https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5033-4947
Figures & data
Figure 1. Chemical structures underlying glyphosate herbicidal function, its metabolites and estrogenic potential. (A) Representation of the shikimate pathway that allows the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine (represented in green) in plants and microorganisms, but not in animals. Glyphosate (represented in the red box) acts as a competitive inhibitor of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, an enzyme with a central role in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. (B) Chemical structures of glyphosate and its two primary metabolites, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and methylphosphonic acid (MPA), as well as a rarer metabolite, glyoxylate. (C) Molecular structure of estrogen; glyphosate mimics its action and potentially uses the same molecular pathway.
Table 1. Changes in cytokine production in fish with glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicide exposure.
Figure 2. Impacts of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on animal health. Individual circles summarize the reported cellular, carcinogenic, reproductive, cardiovascular, cerebral and digestive effects of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on fish and mammal health.
Figure 3. Impacts of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on fish and mammal immune system. Venn diagram summarizing the reported effects of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on the immune system of humans, non-human mammals and fishes, respectively represented in pink, green and blue circles. Arrows indicate the direction of the alteration: ↑ indicates a tendency in favor of an increase in the phenomenon, ↓ indicates a tendency in favor of a decrease in the phenomenon, ⇅ indicates no clear tendency, with some reports of an increase and some reports of a decrease in this phenomenon.
