Barriers for orally inhaled therapeutic antibodies

Figures & data

Figure 1. Structure, functions, and format of therapeutic antibodies (created with Biorender.com).

Table 1. Clinical development of therapeutic antibodies for respiratory diseases.

Indication	Generic name	Sponsoring company	Target	Antibody format	Development stage	ClinicalTrial.gov identifier^1
Asthma/COPD	Omalizumab	Novartis	IgE	Human IgG	Discontinued in Phase III	https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.155.6.9196082, https://10.1164/ajrccm.160.3.9810012
	LQ036	Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals	IL-4 R	Single-domain Ab	Phase I	NCT04993443
	VR942	Vectura	IL-13	Humanized F(ab’)2	Discontinued after Phase I	NCT02473939
	CSJ-117	Novartis	TSLP	Human Fab	Discontinued after Phase II	NCT04882124
COVID-19	CT-P63 + CT-P66	Celltrion	Spike protein	Human IgG	Phase III	NCT05224856
	IBIO-123	Immune Bioscience	Spike protein	Human IgG	Phase I/II	NCT05298813
	IGM-6268	IGM Biosciences	Spike protein	Human IgM	Phase I	NCT05184218
	DZIF-10c (BI 767,551)	University of Cologne/Boehringer Ingelheim	Spike protein	Human IgG	Discontinued after Phase I/II	NCT04631705/NCT04631666
Respiratory syncitial virus infection	ALX-0171	Ablynx/Sanofi	F protein	Single-domain Ab	Discontinued after Phase II	NCT03418571
Bronchiectasis	CSL787	CSL Behring	-	Human polyclonal IgG	Phase I	NCT04643587
Acute lung injury	GSK2862277	GSK	TNF-R1	Single-domain Ab	Discontinued after Phase II	NCT02221037

Note: IgE, Immunoglobulin E; IL, interleukin; TNF-R1, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin.

¹NCT number of the latest ongoing clinical trials is indicated.

Figure 2. Biological barriers/changes that inhaled Ab-based therapeutics may face after deposition into the respiratory tract. Illustrated for a full-length Ab (burgundy). AM: alveolar macrophage (created with Biorender.com).