Alleviation of abiotic salt stress in Ochradenus baccatus (Del.) by Trichoderma hamatum (Bonord.) Bainier

Figures & data

Figure 1. Incidence of O. baccatus (Del.) in the original habitat. (A) The vegetation stage of plant growth; (B) beginning of flowering and fruiting stage; (C) inflorescence stage; and (D) fruiting stage.

Figure 2. Effect of different salt concentrations on seed germination in O. baccatus. Data presented are the means ± SE (n = 5). Different letters indicate significant difference (P < 0.05) among the treatments. Symbols $ and £ denote significant change between with and without T. hamatum within the same treatment.

Table 1. Effect of NaCl in presence and absence of T. hamatum on growth and biomass yield of O. baccatus seedlings.

	Growth and biomass
	Without Trichoderma				With Trichoderma
	Shoot		Root		Shoot		Root
NaCl concentration	Length (cm)	Dry wt (g)	Length (cm)	Dry wt (g)	Length (cm)	Dry wt (g)	Length (cm)	Dry wt (g)
0 mM	21.37 ± 1.97a^$	0.36 ± 0.19a^$	25.33 ± 2.12a^$	0.64 ± 0.32a^$	31.2 ± 2.33a^£	0.81 ± 0.47a^£	34.83 ± 2.61a^£	0.95 ± 0.52a^£
75 mM	12.60 ± 1.31b^$	0.22 ± 0.06b^$	15.13 ± 1.62b^$	0.40 ± 0.25b^$	18.9 ± 1.85b^£	0.53 ± 0.29b^£	23.40 ± 1.99b^£	0.64 ± 0.32b^£
150 mM	8.61 ± 0.90c^$	0.06 ± 0.005c^$	9.57 ± 1.02c^$	0.15 ± 0.04c^$	14.4 ± 1.21c^£	0.31 ± 0.10c^£	12.83 ± 1.37c^£	0.37 ± 0.20c^£

Note: Data presented are the means ± SE (n = 5). Different letters next to the numbers indicate significant difference (P < 0.05) among the treatments. Symbols $ and £ denote significant change between with and without T. hamatum within the same treatment.

Table 2. Effect of NaCl in presence and absence of T. hamatum on pigment content (mg g⁻¹ fresh weight) of O. baccatus seedlings.

	Pigment content (mg g^−1 fresh weight)
	Without Trichoderma				With Trichoderma
NaCl concentration	Chl. a	Chl. b	Total Chl	Car.	Chl. a	Chl. b	Total Chl	Car.
0 mM	4.72 ± 0.95a^$	1.41 ± 0.13a^$	6.13 ± 1.35a^$	0.33 ± 0.05a^$	5.35 ± 1.23a^£	1.85 ± 0.17a^£	7.20 ± 1.95a^£	0.36 ± 0.06a^£
75 mM	3.83 ± 0.81b^$	1.22 ± 0.11b^$	5.05 ± 1.15a^$	0.21 ± 0.02b^$	4.96 ± 1.12 b^£	1.48 ± 0.14b^£	6.44 ± 1.57a^£	0.30 ± 0.03 b^£
150 mM	1.92 ± 0.18c^$	0.75 ± 0.09c^$	2.67 ± 0.75a^$	0.14 ± 0.007c^$	2.74 ± 0.79 c^£	1.05 ± 0.10c^£	3.96 ± 0.84a^£	0.19 ± 0.009c^£

Note: Data presented are the means ± SE (n = 5). Different letters next to the numbers indicate significant difference (P < 0.05) among the treatments. Symbols $ and £ denote significant change between with and without T. hamatum within the same treatment.

Figure 3. Effect of NaCl in presence and absence of T. hamatum on TWC (A), MSI (B), MDA (C), and total phenol contents (D) in O. baccatus seedlings. Data presented are the means ± SE (n = 5). Different letters indicate significant difference (P < 0.05) among the treatments. Symbols $ and £ denote significant change between with and without T. hamatum within the same treatment.

Table 3. Effect of NaCl in presence and absence of T. hamatum on TLs and neutral lipids of O. baccatus seedlings.

		Total lipids (mg g^−1 dry weight)	Neutral lipids (μg g^−1 fresh weight)
NaCl concentration		TL	DG	TG	S	SE	FAA
0 mM	Without Trichoderma	36.29 ± 2.97a^$	665.41 ± 9.21a^$	867.18 ± 10.41a^$	754.75 ± 9.75a^$	799.47 ± 9.91a^$	219.82 ± 3.69a^$
	With Trichoderma	40.18 ± 3.21a^£	477.26 ± 5.57a^£	974.46 ± 11.72a^£	805.83 ± 10.05a^£	724.52 ± 9.69a^£	194.73 ± 3.74a^£
75 mM	Without Trichoderma	24.54 ± 2.18b^$	775.61 ± 9.98b^$	711.06 ± 9.62b^$	677.74 ± 9.57b^$	905.38 ± 11.07b^$	348.62 ± 4.14b^$
	With Trichoderma	30.49 ± 2.55b^£	483.76 ± 6.07b^£	822.56 ± 10.18b^£	711.82 ± 9.87b^£	834.19 ± 10.62b^£	235.61 ± 3.85b^£
150 mM	Without Trichoderma	18.07 ± 1.69c^$	827.19 ± 10.22c^$	625.50 ± 9.01c^$	394.74 ± 4.77c^$	1139.44 ± 12.75c^$	448.19 ± 5.41c^$
	With Trichoderma	24.04 ± 2.01c^£	565.91 ± 7.30c^£	767.85 ± 9.82c^£	577.84 ± 7.45c^£	942.55 ± 11.14c^£	260.43 ± 3.99c^£

Note: Data presented are the means ± SE (n = 5). Different letters next to the numbers indicate significant difference (P < 0.05) among the treatments. Symbols $ and £ denote significant change between with and without T. hamatum within the same treatment.

Figure 4. Effect of NaCl in presence and absence of T. hamatum on CAT (EU mg⁻¹ protein) (A), POD (EU mg⁻¹ protein) (B), APX (EU mg⁻¹ protein) (C), GR (EU mg⁻¹ protein) (D), and SOD (EU mg⁻¹ protein) (E), in O. baccatus seedlings. Data presented are the means ± SE (n = 5). Different letters indicate significant difference (P < 0.05) among the treatments. Symbols $ and £ denote significant change between with and without T. hamatum within the same treatment.

Table 4. Effect of NaCl in presence and absence of T. hamatum on elements accumulation of O. baccatus seedlings.

	Elements accumulation (mg g^−1 dry wt)
	Without Trichoderma					With Trichoderma
NaCl concentration	Na^+	K^+	Na/K	Mg^2+	Ca^2+	Na^+	K^+	Na/K	Mg^2+	Ca^2+
0 mM	7.97 ± 0.85a^$	70.13 ± 4.14a^$	0.11 ± 0.02a^$	4.17 ± 0.37a^$	4.83 ± 0.41a^$	5.70 ± 0.52a^£	80.73 ± 5.25a^£	0.07 ± 0.003a^£	5.07 ± 0.49a^£	5.43 ± 0.51a^£
75 mM	16.37 ± 1.21b^$	56.57 ± 3.07b^$	0.29 ± 0.05b^$	2.73 ± 0.29b^$	3.53 ± 0.32b^$	8.90 ± 0.92b^£	70.63 ± 4.42b^£	0.12 ± 0.009b^£	3.80 ± 0.37b^£	4.33 ± 0.42b^£
150 mM	25.77 ± 2.25c^$	42.19 ± 2.55c^$	0.61 ± 0.12c^$	1.73 ± 0.19c^$	2.30 ± 0.23c^$	11.47 ± 1.01c^£	56.53 ± 3.05c^£	0.20 ± 0.08c^£	2.73 ± 0.28c^£	3.77 ± 0.34c^£

Note: Data presented are the means ± SE (n = 5). Different letters next to the numbers indicate significant difference (P < 0.05) among the treatments. Symbols $ and £ denote significant change between with and without T. hamatum within the same treatment.