Apple puree as a natural fructose source provides an effective alternative carbohydrate source for fuelling half-marathon running performance

Figures & data

Figure 1. 13.1 mile running performance (min; A) and split times (min/mile; B) over the run for 13.1 miles for Glucose/Fructose (GF) and Apple Puree (AP). Bars are mean ± SD. Lines are individual participant times. Gastrointestinal comfort (0-10; C) and RPE (6-20; D) over 13.1 mile run for Glucose/Fructose (GF) and Apple Puree (AP). Data presented as mean ± SD. § denotes significantly different over time (P < 0.05).

Table 1. Plasma albumin, creatine kinase, creatinine, glucose, myoglobin and uric acid concentrations (n = 10) pre and post. Data presented as mean ± SD.

	Trial	Pre	Post
Plasma albumin (μmol/L) *	AP	717 ± 24	747 ± 26
	GF	715 ± 30	746 ± 38
Plasma creatine kinase (U/L)*	AP	232 ± 156	335 ± 195
	GF	189 ± 95	285 ± 109
Plasma creatinine (μmol/L)*	AP	84.5 ± 11.4	105.2 ± 16.2
	GF	84.5 ± 13.0	109.9 ± 23.2
Plasma glucose (mmol/L)*	AP	5.12 ± 1.02	6.53 ± 1.33
	GF	5.17 ± 0.43	6.63 ± 1.22
Plasma myoglobin (ng/mL)*	AP	29.02 ± 11.38	127.01 ± 41.07
	GF	31.21 ± 16.58	123.88 ± 59.07
Plasma uric acid (μmol/L)*	AP	321.90 ± 59.61	366.28 ± 66.52
	GF	322.48 ± 58.94	375.09 ± 76.05

*Denotes significantly different over time (P < 0.05).

Table 2. Subjective scale responses (0-10 scale) for thermal comfort and gastrointestinal symptoms. Data presented as median (Q1-Q3).

	AP			GF
	PRE	POST	Number of participants classifying symptoms as severe (>5) (%)	PRE	POST	Number of participants classifying symptoms as severe (>5) (%)
Thermal Sensation*	0 (0-2)	6 (5-7)	-	1 (0-2)	5 (4-6)	-
Hunger	0 (0-4)	1 (1-4)	2 (18%)	2 (1-3)	1 (0-3)	0 (0%)
Thirst*	3 (2-6)	7 (3-8)	7 (64%)	4 (2-6)	6 (4-7)	8 (73%)
Nausea	0 (0-0)	0 (0-2)	1 (9%)	0 (0-0)	0 (0-1)	0 (0%)
Stomach Fullness	3 (2-4)	4 (3-6)	4 (36%)	2 (1-3)	2 (2-4)	2 (18%)
Stomach Bloatedness*	3 (2-6)	7 (3-8)	3 (27%)	4 (2-6)	6 (4-7)	3 (27%)
Stomach Cramps*	0 (0-0)	0 (0-2)	2 (18%)	0 (0-0)	0 (0-0)	1 (9%)
Abdominal Stitch*	0 (0-0)	0 (0-4)	2 (18%)	0 (0-0)	0 (0-1)	0 (0%)
Flatulence*	0 (0-1)	0 (0-4)	1 (9%)	0 (0-0)	1 (0-3)	1 (9%)
Urge to Belch*	0 (0-2)	3 (1-5)	3 (27%)	0 (0-1)	2 (1-6)	4 (36%)
Urge to Vomit	0 (0-0)	0 (0-3)	1 (9%)	0 (0-0)	1 (0-2)	1 (9%)
Urge to Urinate*	0 (0-1)	1 (0-2)	2 (18%)	1 (1-1)	0 (0-3)	1 (9%)
Urge to Defecate	1 (0-2)	1 (0-3)	1 (9%)	0 (0-1)	0 (0-2)	2 (18%)

*Denotes significantly different over time (P < 0.05).

Table 3. Urine specific gravity, body mass (kg), sweat loss (L), sweat sodium (mmol/L), body mass loss (%), plasma volume change (%) and ad libitum fluid intake (mL) pre- and post-run. n = 11 for all variables except plasma osmolality where n = 10. Data presented as mean ± SD.

	Trial	Pre	Post
Urine specific gravity *	AP	1.012 ± 0.008	1.015 ± 0.006
	GF	1.009 ± 0.005	1.014 ± 0.006
Body mass (kg)	AP	67.08 ± 7.89	65.86 ± 7.67
	GF	67.23 ± 7.93	65.95 ± 7.66
Sweat loss (L)	AP		1.84 ± 0.42
	GF		1.79 ± 0.40
Sweat sodium (mmol/L)	AP		37.88 ± 7.86
	GF		38.43 ± 8.04
Body mass loss (%)	AP		−1.80 ± 1.74
	GF		−1.88 ± 0.46
Ad libitum water intake (mL)	AP		409 ± 206
	GF		294 ± 149
Plasma volume change (%)	AP		−0.2 ± 7.2
	GF		2.2 ± 6.4
Plasma osmolality (mOsm/kgH2O) *	AP	290 ± 003	294 ± 002
	GF	290 ± 002	294 ± 003

*Denotes significantly main effect of time (P < 0.05).