Apple puree as a natural fructose source provides an effective alternative carbohydrate source for fuelling half-marathon running performance

References

• Borg, G. A. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14, 377–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Wong, S. H., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2011). Carbohydrates for training and competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(S1), S17–S27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.585473
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burke, L. M., Wood, C., Pyne, D. B., Telford, R. D., & Saunders, P. U. (2005). Effect of carbohydrate intake on half-marathon performance of well-trained runners. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 15(6), 573–589. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.15.6.573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, C. L., Johnson, B. D., Sackett, J. R., Parker, M. D., & Schlader, Z. J. (2019). Soft drink consumption during and following exercise in the heat elevates biomarkers of acute kidney injury. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 316(3), R189–R198. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00351.2018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheuvront, S. N., & Haymes, E. M. (2001). Thermoregulation and marathon running. Sports Medicine, 31(10), 743–762. http://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131100-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, R. J. S., Spine, R. M. J., Kitic, C. M., & Gibson, P. R. (2017). Systematic review: Exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome-implications for health and intestinal disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 46(3), 246–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira, E. P., Burini, R. C., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2014). Gastrointestinal complaints during exercise: Prevalence, etiology, and nutritional recommendations. Sports Medicine, 44(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0153-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dill, D. B., & Costill, D. L. (1974). Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. Journal of Applied Physiology, 37(2), 247–248. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1974.37.2.247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiNicolantonio, J. J., & Lucan, S. C. (2015). Is fructose malabsorption a cause of irritable bowel syndrome? Medical Hypotheses, 85(3), 295–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2015.05.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drust, B., Waterhouse, J., Atkinson, G., Edwards, B., & Reilly, T. (2005). Circadian rhythms in sports performance—an update. Chronobiology International, 22(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1081/CBI-200041039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott-Sale, K. J., McNulty, K. L., Ansdell, P., Goodall, S., Hicks, K. M., Thomas, K., … Dolan, E. (2020). The effects of oral contraceptives on exercise performance in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01317-5.
   Google Scholar
• Funnell, M. P., Mears, S. A., Bergin-Taylor, K., & James, L. J. (2019). Blinded and unblinded hypohydration similarly impair cycling time trial performance in the heat in trained cyclists. Journal of Applied Physiology, 126(4), 870–879. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01026.2018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillochon, M., & Rowlands, D. S. (2017). Solid, gel, and liquid carbohydrate format effects on gut comfort and performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition And Exercise Metabolism, 27(3), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyson, D. A. (2015). A review and critical analysis of the scientific literature related to 100% fruit juice and human health. Advances in Nutrition, 6(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.005728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishihara, K., Taniguchi, H., Akiyama, N., & Asami, Y. (2020). Easy to swallow rice cake as a carbohydrate source during endurance exercise suppressed feelings of thirst And hunger without changing exercise performance. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 66(2), 128–135. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.66.128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, L. J., Funnell, M. P., James, R. M., & Mears, S. A. (2019). Does hypohydration really impair endurance performance? Methodological considerations for interpreting hydration research. Sports Medicine, 49(2), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01188-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeukendrup, A. E. (2014). A step towards personalized sports nutrition: Carbohydrate intake during exercise. Sports Medicine, 44(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0148-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeukendrup, A. E., Vet-Joop, K., Sturk, A., Stegen, J. H. J. C., Senden, J., Saris, W. H. M., & Wagenmakers, A. J. M. (2000). Relationship between gastro-intestinal complaints and endotoxaemia, cytokine release and the acute-phase reaction during and after a long-distance triathlon in highly trained men. Clinical Science, 98(1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS19990258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juett, L. A., James, L. J., & Mears, S. A. (2020). Effects of exercise on acute kidney injury biomarkers and the potential influence of fluid intake. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 76(Suppl. 1), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1159/000515022
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juett, L. A., Midwood, K. L., Funnell, M. P., James, L. J., & Mears, S. A. (2021). Hypohydration produced by high-intensity intermittent running increases biomarkers of renal injury in males. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(12), 3485–3497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04804-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern, M., Heslin, C. J., & Rezende, R. S. (2007). Metabolic and performance effects of raisins versus sports gel as pre-exercise feedings in cyclists. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1204–1207. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-21226.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. K. W., Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2008a). The influence of serial feeding of drinks at different temperatures on thermoregulatory responses during cycling. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(6), 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701697388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. K. W., Maughan, R. J., Shirreffs, S. M., & Watson, P. (2008b). Effects of milk ingestion on prolonged exercise capacity in young, healthy men. Nutrition, 24(4), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2008.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNulty, K. L., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Dolan, E., Swinton, P. A., Ansdell, P., Goodall, S., … Hicks, K. M. (2020). The effects of menstrual cycle phase on exercise performance in eumenorrheic women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01319-3.
   Google Scholar
• Nieman, D. C., Gillitt, N. D., Henson, D. A., Sha, W., Shanely, R. A., Knab, A. M., Cialdella-Kam, L., & Jin, F. (2012). Bananas as an energy source during exercise: A metabolomics approach. Plos One, 7(5), E37479. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieman, D. C., Gillitt, N. D., Sha, W., Esposito, D., & Ramamoorthy, S. (2018). Metabolic recovery from heavy exertion following banana compared to sugar beverage or water only ingestion: A randomized, crossover trial. Plos One, 13, E0194843. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer, B., Stellingwerff, T., Hodgson, A. B., Randell, R., Pöttgen, K., Res, P., … Jeukendrup, A. E. (2012). Nutritional intake and gastrointestinal problems during competitive endurance events. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44, 344–351. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31822dc809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh, J., Kirk, B., Fearn, R., Morton, J., & Close, G. (2018). Prevalence, severity and potential nutritional causes of gastrointestinal symptoms during a marathon In recreational runners. Nutrients, 10(7), 811. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, K. M., Clifford, T., Mears, S. A., & James, L. J. (2022a). A food first approach to carbohydrate supplementation in endurance exercise: A systematic review. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 32(4), 296–310. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, K. M., Juett, L. A., Cobb, J., Hulston, C. J., Mears, S. A., & James, L. J. (2022b). Apple puree as a natural fructose source provides an effective alternative to artificial fructose sources for fuelling endurance cycling performance in males. Nutraceuticals, 2(3), 205–217. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals2030015
   Google Scholar
• Rietschier, H. L., Henagan, T. M., Earnest, C. P., Baker, B. L., Cortez, C. C., & Stewart, L. K. (2011). Sun-dried raisins are a cost-effective alternative to sports jelly beans in prolonged cycling. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(11), 3150–3156. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31820f5089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollo, I., James, L., Croft, L., & Williams, C. (2012). The effect of carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage drinking strategy on 10-mile running performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22(5), 338–346. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.5.338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvador, A. F., Mckenna, C. F., Alamilla, R. A., Cloud, R. M., Keeble, A. R., Miltko, A., Scaroni, S. E., Beals, J. W., Ulanov, A. V., Dilger, R. N., & Bauer, L. L. (2019). Potato ingestion is as effective as carbohydrate gels To support prolonged cycling performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 127(6), 1651–1659. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00567.2019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanely, R., Nieman, D., Perkins-Veazie, P., Henson, D., Meaney, M., Knab, A., & Cialdell-Kam, L. (2016). Comparison of watermelon and carbohydrate beverage on exercise-induced alterations in systemic inflammation, immune dysfunction, and plasma antioxidant capacity. Nutrients, 8(8), 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiller, N. B., Roberts, J. D., Beasley, L., Chapman, S., Pinto, J. M., Smith, L., Wiffin, M., Russell, M., Sparks, S. A., Duckworth, L., & O’Hara, J. (2019). International society Of sports nutrition position stand: Nutritional considerations For single-stage ultra-marathon training And racing. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 16(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0312-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Too, B. W., Cicai, S., Hockett, K. R., Applegate, E., Davis, B. A., & Casazza, G. A. (2012). Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Wijck, K., Lenaerts, K., Grootjans, J., Wijnands, K. A., Poeze, M., Van Loon, L. J., Dejong, C. H., & Buurman, W. A. (2012). Physiology and pathophysiology of splanchnic hypoperfusion and intestinal injury during exercise: Strategies for evaluation and prevention. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 303(2), G155–G168. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00066.2012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar