Speech and Language in 5-year-olds with Different Neurological Disabilities and the Association between Early and Later Consonant Production

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic description of the 11 participants: sex, occurrence of multilingualism, medical diagnosis, hearing level and gross motor level

ID	Sex	Multi-lingualism	Medical diagnosis	Hearing level	Gross motor level
DS1	Boy	No	DS	Normal	Walking
DS2	Girl	No	DS	Normal	Walking
DS3	Boy	Yes	DS	Mild HL	Walking
DS4	Girl	No	DS	Mild HL	Walking
DS5	Boy	No	DS	Mild HL	Walking
CP1	Boy	Yes	CP, dyskinetic	Moderate HL	Wheelchair
CP2	Girl	No	CP, bilateral spastic	Not assessed	Walking
CP3	Girl	No	CP, unilateral spastic	Normal	Walking
CP4	Girl	No	CP, bilateral spastic	Normal	Walking
CD1	Boy	No	Chromosomal deletion	Normal^a	Walking
CD2	Girl	No	Chromosomal deletion	Mild HL	Walking

DS = Down syndrome, CP = cerebral palsy, HL = hearing loss.

^aAssessment performed before 2 years of age.

Table 2. Proportion of participants with age appropriate results on speech and language outcomes for 11 children with ND at age 5

Speech/language measure	n	% age appropriate^a
Language comprehension	11	27% (n = 3)
Expressive vocabulary	11	27% (n = 3)
Sentence recall	4	50% (n = 2)
PCC	11	45% (n = 5)

^aAge appropriate = ≥ −1.5 SD on each test according to the norms.

Table 3. Individual results for the participants on speech and language measures used at age 5. Bold figures represent non-age appropriate results (for measures were age-related norms are available)

ID	Language comprehension: test used (score)	Expressive vocabulary: test used (score)	Sentence recall, scaled score	Mean maximum utterance length	PCC^f	Number of established consonants ^f	Established consonants ^f	Motor speech problems	Functional intelligibility^g
DS1	RDLS (6)^a	SECDI w&g^c(79)	-	2.6	25%	1	/b/	Yes, motor speech involvement	3.1
DS2	TROG (0)^b	SCDI-III (<5th percentile)^d	-	2.0	33%	2	/b, d/	No	3.0
DS3	TROG (0) ^b	SCDI-III (<5th percentile) ^d	-	2.8	29%	4	/t, n, v, l/	No	2.6
DS4	RDLS (15) ^a	SECDI w&g^c (235/370)	-	2.6	42%	6	/p, b, t, d, n, s/	No	3.6
DS5	TROG (0) ^b	-	-	2.0	56%	5	/p, b, n, l, s/	Yes, motor speech involvement	2.9
CP1	TROG (0) ^b	SECDI w&g ^c (193/370)	-	-	57%	5	/p, d, g, n, s/	Yes, severe dysarthria	3.1
CP2	TROG (0) ^b	CELF (1) ^e	1 ^e	6.6	96%	11	/p, b, t, d, k, g, n, f, v, s, l/	No	5.0
CP3	TROG (11) ^b	CELF (10) ^e	4 ^e	10.8	93%	11	/p, b, t, d, k, g, n, f, v, s, l/	No	3.6
CP4	TROG (13) ^b	CELF (9) ^e	10 ^e	13.4	93%	11	/p, b, t, d, k, g, n, f, v, s, l/	No	5.0
CD1	TROG (0) ^b	CELF (2)^e	-	4.8	100%	11	/p, b, t, d, k, g, n, f, v, s, l/	No	3.4
CD2	TROG (5) ^b	CELF (9) ^e	7 ^e	10.4	100%	11	/p, b, t, d, k, g, n, f, v, s, l/	No	4.3

^aResults for the RDLS²⁸ in raw scores. All participants tested with RDLS performed under the mean for Swedish two-year-olds.

^bResults for the TROG-2²⁷ as number of correct blocks. Age appropriate results on the TROG-2 was defined as a result at or below −1.5SD, according to Swedish norms.

^cResults for the SECDI w&g³¹ in raw scores. All participants tested with the SECDI w&g performed below the median for 28-months-old children (270 out of a maximum 370).

^dResults from SCDI-III³⁰ in percentiles, compared to norm values for Swedish 4-year-olds.

^eResults for the CELF²⁹ in scaled scores (mean = 10, SD = 3). Age adequate results are defined as results above −1.5 SD.

^fPCC based on single words, as measured by the SVANTE.³²

^gas represented by mean score on the ICS.³³

Table 4. Descriptives of speech and language measures for all participants and for groups based on medical diagnosis (Down syndrome, Cerebral palsy, Chromosomal deletion). Means (standard deviations) are provided

Variable	All participants (n = 11)	Down syndrome (n = 5)	Cerebral palsy (n = 4)	Chromosomal deletion (n = 2)
Mean maximum utterance length	5.80 (4.27)	2.4 (0.37)	10.27 (3.43)	7.60 (3.96)
PCC^a	65.82 (30.93)	37.0 (12.35)	84.75 (18.55)	100 (0)
Number of established consonants^a	7.1 (4.0)	3.6 (2.1)	9.5 (3.0)	11 (0)
Functional intelligibility^b	3.6 (0.8)	3.0 (0.4)	4.2 (1.0)	3.9 (0.6)

^aBased on the SVANTE.³²

^bBased on the ICS.³³

Figure 1. A) The association between Number of different true consonants at T1 and percentage of consonants correct at T2 for the whole group of 11 participants. B) The association of Number of different true consonants at T1 and Percentage consonants correct at T2 for the participants with Down syndrome

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