An Evaluation of the Use of the Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation (CASP) to Measure Social Participation After Pediatric ABI in a Specialist Service in East Anglia

Figures & data

Table 1. Frequencies (%) of categorical demographic variables.

	Overall n = 152	CASP completers n = 91	CASP non-completers n = 61
Gender
Male	86 (56.6)	47 (51.6)	39 (63.9)
Female	66 (43.4)	44 (48.4)	22 (36.1)
Type of Injury
TBI	74 (48.7)	46 (5.5)	28 (45.9)
Infection	20 (13.2)	10 (11.0)	10 (16.4)
Vascular	18 (11.8)	10 (11.0)	8 (13.1)
Tumour	11 (7.2)	6 (6.6)	5 (8.2)
Multiple	10 (6.6)	6 (6.6)	4 (6.6)
Perinatal	7 (4.6)	4 (4.4)	3 (4.9)
Autoimmune	7 (4.6)	4 (4.4)	3 (4.9)
Other	5 (3.3)	5 (5.5)	0 (0)
Pre-injury Medical Difficulties
No	103 (78.3)	54 (59.6)	49 (8.3)
Yes	33 (21.7)	37 (4.7)	12 (19.7)
Pre-injury Developmental Difficulties
No	119 (78.3)	75 (82.4)	44 (72.1)
Yes	33 (21.7)	16 (17.5)	17 (27.9)
Pre-injury Psychiatric Difficulties
No	131 (86.2)	79 (87.8)	52 (85.2)
Yes	19 (12.5)	11 (12.2)	8 (13.1)

Table 2. Median (interquartile range) of continuous demographic variables (in years).

	Overall n = 152	CASP completers n = 91	CASP non-completers n = 61
Age at Injury	9.618 (9.78)	9.306 (9.98)	11.739 (8.39)
Age at Referral	13.183 (6.03)	12.756 (5.69)	14.453 (6.21)
Age at Assessment	13.573 (6.11)	13.233 (5.84)	14.970 (6.35)
Time from Injury to Referral	0.900 (4.01)	1.940 (16.65)	0.750 (2.34)
Time from Referral to Assessment	0.320 (0.46)	0.320 (.50)	0.340 (.44)

Table 3. Count of N/A response (%) per question.

Question	Count of N/A	Question	Count of N/A
1 – Social, play, or leisure activities with family members at home	2 (2.199%)	11 – Educational (academic) activities with other children in his or her classroom at school	7 (7.692%)
2 – Social, play, or leisure activities with friends at home	3 (3.297%)	12 – Social, play, and recreational activities with other children at school	7 (7.692%)
3 – Family chores, responsibilities, and decisions at home	3 (3.297%)	13 – Moving around at school	6 (6.593%)
4 – Self-care activities	2 (2.199%)	14 – Using educational materials and equipment in his or her classroom/s	10 (10.990%)
5 – Moving about in and around the home	2 (2.199%)	15 – Communicating with other children and adults at school	6 (6.593%)
6 – Communicating with other children and adults at home	5 (5.495%)	16 – Household activities	9 (9.890%)
7 – Social, play, or leisure activities with friends in the neighborhood and community	6 (6.593%)	17 – Shopping and managing money	10 (10.990%)
8 – Structured events and activities in the neighborhood and community	10 (10.990%)	18 – Managing daily schedule	11 (12.088%)
9 – Moving around the neighborhood and community	10 (10.990%)	19 – Using transportation to get around in the community	24 (26.374%)
10 – Communicating with other children and adults in the neighborhood and community	5 (5.495%)	20 – Work activities and responsibilities	27 (29.670%)

Note. A brief indication of question content is provided. Please see appendix C for the full questionnaire.

Table 4. Descriptive statistics of CASP total and subscale scores.

	N	Min.^a	Max.^a	Mean (SD)
CASP Total	91	41	100	80.153 (15.362)
	46	41	100	80.364 (18.145)
Home Participation	86	50	100	84.162 (13.986)
	46	50	100	85.100 (16.136)
Community Participation	86	25	100	76.781 (19.192)
	46	25	100	78.261 (21.071)
School Participation	86	45	100	82.733 (14.376)
	46	50	100	82.826 (16.352)
Home & Community Living	84	25	100	73.306 (23.079)
	46	25	100	73.587 (24.351)

Note. Statistics are presented for the full sample (top row) and for the sub-sample of service users who did not select N/A for any item (bottom row).

^aThe range of possible scores is 25–100 for the total and all subscales, with higher scores indicating higher participation.

Table 5. Descriptive statistics of the clusters of participation.

	Cluster 1 n = 18 Mean (SD)	Cluster 2 n  = 28 Mean (SD)
Home Participation	68.057 (12.210)	96.056 (4.687)
Community Participation	57.292 (15.044)	91.741 (10.765)
School Participation	65.833 (10.182)	93.750 (8.008)
Home & Community Living	48.889 (18.032)	89.464 (10.744)

Table 6. Analyses of difference between clusters for demographic and outcome measure variables.

	Median	Cluster 1 Mean rank	Cluster 2 Mean rank	Test statistic	Statistical significance
Age at Injury (years, months)	10.904	18.83	26.5	U = 168.0	p = .059
Age at Referral (years, months)	13.675	19.17	26.29	U = 174.0	p = .079
Age at Assessment (years, months)	13.935	17.74	25.5	U = 148.5	p = .051
Time from Injury to Referral (months)	.920	26.25	21.73	U = 202.5	p = .265
Time from Referral to Assessment (months)	.340	21.97	24.48	U = 224.5	p = .536
PedsQL	54.5	12.82	21.0	U = 75.0	p = .032*
SDQ-Impact	5	26.83	17.5	U = 120.0	p = .014*
BRIEF-GEC	68	30.76	18.29	U = 106.0	p = .002**
Number of HCPs Outside of the Service at Time of Referral	4	30.86	18.77	U = 119.5	p = .002**
		Cluster 1 Frequency	Cluster 2 Frequency
Gender				X ^Citation2  = .056	p = .811
Male		9 (50%)	15 (53.6%)
Female		9 (50%)	13 (46.4%)
Ethnicity					p = 1.000^a
White Background		18 (100%)	27 (96.4%)
Ethnic Minority Background		0 (0%)	1 (3.6%)
Type of Brain Injury				X ^Citation2  = .253	p = .615
TBI		7 (38.9%)	13 (46.4%)
Non-TBI		11 (61.1%)	15 (53.6%)
Pre-injury Medical Difficulties				X ^Citation2  = 2.159	p = .142
No		9 (50%)	20 (71.4%)
Yes		9 (50%)	8 (26.8%)
Pre-injury Developmental Difficulties				X ^Citation2  = .097	p = .755
No		16 (88.9%)	24 (85.7%)
Yes		2 (11.1%)	4 (14.3%)
Pre-injury Psychiatric Difficulties					p = .199^a
No		14 (77.8%)	25 (89.3%)
Yes		4 (22.2%)	2 (7.1%)

^aFisher’s Exact Test; two-sided.

*p < .05.

**p < .005.

World Health Organization. World Health Organization: international classification of functioning, disability, and health. ICF. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.

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