Seed oil of Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. a non-edible promising feedstock for biodiesel synthesis

Figures & data

Table 2. Fuel properties of the CBPB and ASTM standard methods adopted for property checking.

Fuel property	ASTM methods	Test limit ASTM D6751	CBPB-B100%
Acid value (KOH mg/kg)	D-664	0.80	0.39
Flash point °C (PMCC)	D-93	130	109
Density at 15 °C kg/L	D-4052	0.820–0.900	0.835
Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C cSt	D-445	1.9–6	4.16
Pour point °C	D-97-12	−15–16	−8.1
Cloud point °C	D-2500-11	−3–12	−3.7
Sulphur % wt	D-5453	0.007	0.0126
Calorific value (kJ/kg)	D-5865	35000	27933
Cetane no.	D-613	45	47
Oxidative stability 110 °C (h)	EN-14112	Mini. 3 h	2.89
Water content (mg/kg)	D-6304	≤0.05	0.041
Refractive index @ 20 °C	D-1747	—	1.463
Iodine number mg I2/100	D-4607	≤120	127
Higher heating value MJ/kg	D-240	39–43	42.72
Distillation temperature 90% recovery (°C)	D-1160-06	360	349
Carbon residue	D-4530	0.05	0.037

Figure 1. X-ray diffraction pattern of MgO nanoparticles.

Figure 2. SEM analysis of MgO nanoparticles to confirm the synthesis of nanoparticles and size, (a) 1 µm × 10,000; (c) 10 µm × 20,000; (d) 10 µm × 30,000.

Figure 3. Percentage yield of biodiesel and glycerin with different oil to methanol ratio.

Figure 4. Percentage yield of biodiesel and glycerin with different catalyst concentrations.

Figure 5. The percentage yield of biodiesel and glycerin with different reaction temperatures.

Figure 6. Percentage yield of biodiesel and glycerin for different reaction times.

Table 1. The comparative biodiesel yield of various non-edible herbs over different catalyst.

S. No.	Catalyst	Wt%	Herb	O/M	Time (h)	Temp (°C)	$Y_{\mathit{\text{BD}}}$ (%)	Ref.
1	CdO (nano)	0.5	Diospyros malabarica	1/9	3	90	94	[11]
2	CdS (nano)	0.5	Ailanthus altissima	1/3	1.5	60	94	[12]
3	WO3 (nano)	2	Cannabis sativa	1/7	2	80	91	[13]
4	CuO (nano)	0.18	Citrus medica	1/8	2	85	93	[14]
5	Cu/montmorillonite	3.5	Raphnus raphanistrum L.	1/15	5	150	83	[15]
6	Zr/montmorillonite	3.5	Lepidium perfoliatum Linn.	1/15	4	135	88	[16]
7	CeCuLa/montmorillonite	3.5	Celastrus paniculatus	1/12	3	120	89.42	[17]
8	Cd-Mn/montmoznrillonite	4	Prunus cerasoides D. Don	1/12	5	120	85	[18]
9	ZnO	15 mg	Silybum marianum	1/24	0.75	60	91	[10]
10	CaO	20 mg	Ricinus communis	1/15	1.67	60	89	[9]
11	ZrO2/CaO	5	Jatropha curcas	1/15	3	75	90	[24]
12	CaO/CeO2	4	Loquat seed	1/9	1.5	70	90	[2]
13	La2O3-SrO	3	Prunus armeniaca	1/9	1.25	65	97	[28]
14	BaO-polymeric membrane	0.039	Toona ciliata	1/9	2.5	90	>70	[30]
15	MgO-meso	3	Canola	3/20	3	190	95	[31]
16	MgO-nano	15 mg	Ziziphus mauiritiana’s	1/8	4	65	98	[32]
17	MgO/Cs2O-C	4	Olive oil	1/15	4	65	96	[33]
18	CoWO4/rGO	0.8	Carthamus lanatus L	1/12	2	65	99.7	[34]
19	MgO (nano)	30 mg	Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik	1/15	0.67	60	92	Current study

Wt: weight; Temp: temperature; $Y_{\mathit{\text{BD}}}:$ yield of biodiesel; Ref: reference.

Figure 7. The ¹H-NMR pattern of CBPB.

Figure 8. ¹³C-NMR spectra of CBPB.

Figure 9. FT-IR spectra of CBPB.

Table 3. A primary table of reported FAMEs, retention time, and percentage.

S. No.	Identified FAMS compound	Formula of FAMEs	Retention time	Concentration % of compound
1	Caprylic acid methyl ester	C8:0	4.739	0.23
2	Lauric acid methyl ester	C12:0	8.077	0.29
3	Palmitic acid methyl ester	C16:0	13.424	6.21
4	Palmitoleic acid methyl ester	C16:1	13.878	1.15
5	Stearic acid methyl ester	C18:0	17.897	1.35
6	Oleic acid methyl ester	C18:1c	18.375	10.59
7	Linoleic acid methyl ester	C18:2n6	19.659	16.34
8	Linolenic acid methyl ester	C18:3n3	21.743	38.45
9	Arachidic acid methyl ester	C20:0	24.661	1.44
10	11,14-Eicosadienoic acid methyl ester	C20:2n	26.948	1.16
11	11,14,17-Eicosanoic acid methyl ester	C20:1n9	29.259	10.85
12	Behenic acid methyl ester	C22:0	31.994	0.76
13	Erucic acid methyl ester	C22:1n9	33.91	9.35
14	Lignoceric acid methyl ester	C24:0	38.08	0.38
15	Nervonic acid methyl ester	C24:1	38.611	0.89
16	Eicosapentaenoic acid methyl ester	C20:5n3	39.28	0.56

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Data availability statement

All the data is presented in the manuscript.