Grape seed oil supplementation in lamb diet: effect on meat oxidation stability and muscle fatty acids

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and chemical composition of experimental diets.

		Diets^a
	Control	GSO2	GSO4
Ingredients, %
Alfalfa hay	44.50	44.50	44.50
Wheat straw	19.00	19.00	19.00
Barley grain	25.40	23.40	21.40
Grape seed oil	0.00	2.00	4.00
Soybean meal	2.00	2.00	2.00
Wheat bran	7.00	7.00	7.00
Calcium carbonate	0.80	0.80	0.80
Vitamin–mineral mix^b	0.70	0.70	0.70
Salt	0.30	0.30	0.30
Urea	0.30	0.30	0.30
Chemical composition, % of DM
ME, Mcal/kg of DM	2.19	2.29	2.39
CP	12.40	12.30	12.20
NDF	46.30	45.70	45.20
NFC^c	33.10	32.00	31.00
Ether extract	2.70	4.70	6.60
Ca	0.90	0.90	0.90
P	0.50	0.50	0.50
Total phenolic compound^d	0.81	0.87	0.95
Total tannin^d	0.59	0.63	0.73

GSO: grape seed oil.

^a Control, GSO2 and GSO4 diets contained 0%, 2% and 4% of GSO (DM basis), respectively.

^b Contained (/kg of premix; DM basis): 330,000 IU of vitamin A, 60,000 IU of vitamin D, 1000 IU of vitamin E, 160 g Ca, 85 g P, 63 g Na, 45 g Mg, 2100 mg Zn, 1500 mg Mn, 535 mg Cu, 12 mg Se, 45 mg I.

^c NFC calculated as 100 − (CP + Ash + NDF + EE).

^d Gallic acid equivalent (mg/g).

Table 2. Fatty acid composition, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of grape seed oil.

Fatty acid	(% of total FAME^a)
C14:0	0.04
cis-9 C14:1	0.01
C15:0	0.01
C16:0	7.49
cis-9 C16:1	0.11
C17:0	0.06
cis-9 C17:1	0.03
C18:0	3.84
trans-9 C18:1	0.02
cis-9 C18:1	21.48
trans-C18:2	0.01
C18:2 n-6	66.43
C18:3 n-3	0.29
C20:0	0.18
SFA	11.62
MUFA	21.65
PUFA	66.73
Total phenolic compound^b, mg/g	47.24
Antioxidant activity
Relative DPPH-scavenging capacity^c, mmol/g	1.22

SFA: Saturated fatty acid; MUFA: Monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acid; DPPH: Diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl.

^a FAME = fatty acid methyl ester.

^b Gallic acid equivalent.

^c Trolox equivalent.

Table 3. Effect of treatment on dry matter intake and growth performance.

	Treatment^a
Item	Control	GSO2	GSO4	SEM	p Value
DMI, g/d	1326	1331	1343	25	.88
ME intake, Mcal/d	2.90	3.04	3.20	0.11	.32
Initial BW, kg	40.30	39.70	39.40	1.05	.80
Final BW, kg	46.30	45.70	45.50	1.06	.87
ADG, g/day	141	143	145	2.69	.48
FCR	9.40	9.27	9.21	0.21	.83

BW: body weight; ADG: average daily gain; FCR: feed conversion ratio; DMI: Dry matter intake; ME: Metabolizable energy.

^a Control, GSO2 and GSO4 diets contained 0%, 2% and 4% of grape seed oil (DM basis), respectively.

Table 4. Effect of diets on plasma metabolites in lambs.

	Diets^A
Item	Control	GSO2	GSO4	SEM	p Value
Glucose, mg/dL	40.2500	42.2500	45.7500	4.5600	.7000
Triglyceride, mg/dL	16.5000^b	18.1500^b	24.2500^a	0.8500	<.0001
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	66.7500^b	75.6700^b	103.0000^a	8.0600	.0060
Albumin, g/dL	3.0800	2.9700	3.1200	0.0800	.8100
Total protein, g/dL	7.1000	6.9700	7.6500	0.2800	.2500

GSO: grape seed oil.

Different letters in the same row indicate significant statistical differences (p ≤ .05).

^A Control, GSO2, and GSO4 diets contained 0%, 2% and 4% of grape seed oil (DM basis), respectively.

Table 5. Effect of diets on total fat (mg/100 g muscle) and fatty acid composition (g/100 g total fatty acids) of muscle from lambs.

	Diets^A
Item	Control	GSO2	GSO4	SEM	p Value
DM, %	25.700	26.200	25.600	0.290	.340
FA, mg/100 g muscle	2689	2719	2723	61.050	.900
Fatty acids, g/100 g total FA
C10:0	0.220	0.240	0.200	0.020	.640
C12:0	0.400	0.310	0.320	0.030	.210
C14:0	3.970	3.830	3.320	0.220	.140
cis-9 C14:1	0.730	0.690	0.540	0.080	.260
C15:0	0.790	0.780	0.670	0.050	.270
C15:1	0.120	0.120	0.110	0.010	.820
C16:0	31.600^a	29.550^b	29.330^b	0.360	.002
cis-9 C16:1	1.400	1.850	1.250	0.070	.150
C17:0	1.650	1.600	1.620	0.080	.900
cis-9 C17:1	0.800	0.760	0.620	0.070	.640
C18:0	17.670	18.500	18.070	0.360	.320
trans-9 C18:1	0.370^c	0.570^b	0.800^a	0.020	<.001
trans-11 C18:1 (VA)	1.320^c	1.980^b	2.950^a	0.100	<.001
C18:1 cis-9	31.670	30.940	30.440	0.430	.180
C18:2 n-6	3.600^c	5.230^b	5.990^a	0.110	<.001
cis-9 trans-11 C18:2 CLA (RA)	0.580^c	0.780^b	1.150^a	0.030	<.001
trans-10 cis-12 C18:2 CLA	0.070	0.070	0.080	0.008	.180
C18:3 n-3	0.790	0.630	0.810	0.080	.320
C20:0	0.400	0.350	0.490	0.050	.220
C20:4 n-6	0.680	0.800	0.680	0.050	.270
C22:0	0.220	0.210	0.180	0.010	.460
C22:4 n-6	0.090	0.090	0.100	0.006	.310
C22:5 n-3	0.200	0.220	0.210	0.020	.750
SFA	56.960^a	55.400^b	54.230^b	0.480	.010
MUFA	36.440	36.270	36.730	0.490	.750
PUFA	6.040^c	7.840^b	9.040^a	0.160	.001
MUFA/SFA	0.640	0.650	0.670	0.010	.200
PUFA/SFA	0.100^c	0.140^b	0.160^a	0.003	<.001
PUFA/MUFA	0.160^c	0.210^b	0.240^a	0.005	<.001
n-6/n-3	3.660^b	5.980^a	5.920^a	0.150	<.001
Total CLA	0.720^c	0.930^b	1.190^a	0.030	<.001

SFA: saturated fatty acid; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; GSO: grape seed oil; DPPH: diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl; VA: vaccenic acid; CLA: conjugated linoleic acid.

Different letters in the same row indicate significant statistical differences (p ≤ .05).

A Control, GSO2 and GSO4 diets contained 0%, 2% and 4% of grape seed oil (DM basis), respectively.

Figure 1. Effect of diet and storage time on the TBARS values of LL muscle. ^a,b,cWithin days of storage, different superscripts indicate differences between dietary treatments (p ≤ .05).^w,x,y,zWithin each dietary treatment, different superscripts indicate difference between days of storage (p ≤ .05). Values are means, with SD represented by vertical bars.