Assessment of clinical variables as predictive markers in the development and progression of colorectal cancer

Figures & data

Table 1. Levels of biochemical markers in patients with colorectal cancer

VARIABLES	CONTROL (n = 53)	PATIENTS (n = 91)	P-VALUE (p = <0.05)
CREATININE (mg/L)	0.78 ± 0.099	2.95 ± 0.25	0.011
Hs-CRP (mg/L)	0.92 ± 0.12	4.19 ± 0.58	0.038
8-OHdG (pg/ml)	0.93 ± 0.29	21.26 ± 1.29	0.004
TNF-α (pg/ml)	24.29 ± 2.18	41.56 ± 2.47	0.031
IsoP-2α (pg/ml)	19.65 ± 3.19	102.25 ± 4.25	0.000
MDA (nmol/ml)	0.99 ± 0.14	7.89 ± 0.78	0.007
COX-2 (ng/ml)	0.74 ± 0.1	5.56 ± 0.65	0.024
Total NFkB p65 (µg/ml)	0.124 + 0.024	0.945 + 0.067	0.000
SOD (IU/ml)	1.16 ± 0.09	0.45 ± 0.041	0.009
GSH (µmol/ml)	7.89 ± 1.05	4.56 ± 0.68	0.006
CAT (µmol/ml of Prot.)	5.69 ± 0.51	3.15 ± 0.22	0.027
NO (µmol/L)	18.47 ± 2.17	47.59 ± 4.21	0.014
MMP-9 (pg/ml)	19.65 ± 5.02	84.26 ± 4.26	0.017
MMP-11 (pg/ml)	27.59 ± 2.21	51.26 ± 1.58	0.017
MMP-2 (pg/ml)	9.26 ± 1.44	19.58 ± 1.58	0.031
MMP-19 (pg/ml)	16.35 ± 2.31	46.35 ± 3.19	0.019
VEGF-β (pg/ml)	49.58 ± 2.62	99.35 ± 4.29	0.010
Protein Carbonyl (µmol/ml)	2.99 ± 0.38	9.68 ± 0.97	0.000
TGF-β (pg/ml)	8.26 ± 0.88	18.59 ± 1.53	0.021
TAS (µmol/ml)	21.59 ± 1.75	11.29 ± 0.99	0.000
IL-6 (pg/ml)	9.58 ± 1.12	28.26 ± 1.88	0.001
IL-1 (pg/ml)	6.35 ± 0.88	17.26 ± 1.77	0.011
IL-4 (pg/ml)	21.25 ± 1.99	32.18 ± 1.45	0.021
IL-35 (pg/ml)	0.174 ± 0.009	0.061 ± 0.007	0.031

Table 2. Pearson s’ correlation coeeficients of different variables in patients with colorectal cancer

VARIABLES	r	P(<0.05)
IL-6 vs. VEGF-β	0.561	0.021
TNF vs. NF-Kb	0.648	0.000
IL-6 vs. Hs-CRP	0.741	0.003
MMP-9 vs. TGF-β	0.542	0.018
TNF-α vs. IL-35	−0.614	0.032
COX-2 vs. MMP-9	0.719	0.011
MDA vs. SOD	−0.661	0.017
COX2 vs. VEGF	0.489	0.000
CRP vs. creatinine	0.518	0.023

** Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (Two-tailed)

Figure 1. Depicting increased production of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory response that in turn trigger the activation of TNF-α, IL-1 and release of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) under external stimuli. Elevated level of free radicals cause damage to plasma membrane of epithelial cells of GI tract with increased formation of lipid peroxidation products. Further, 4-HNE activates COX2 production resulting in the activation of prostaglandin and B catenin that increase angiogenesis and proliferation of colon carcinomas. In parallel, LPS released from bacterial toxin and TNF- α cause the activation of NFkB signaling resulting in the transcription of NFkB target genes. Activation of several cytokines and MMPs cause increased proliferation of cancer cells resulting in tumor metastasis