https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9066-4342
Figures & data
Figure 1. (a) key mitochondrial characteristics. OM, outer membrane; IMS intermembrane space; IM, inner membrane; MIA, IMS import and assembly machinery; MICOS, mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system; MIM, mitochondrial inner membrane complex; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; OXA, oxidase assembly machinery; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PAM, presequence translocase-associated motor; SAM, sorting and assembly machinery; TIM, IM translocase complex; TOM, OM translocase complex. (b) Major inter-connected roles of mitochondria. Major roles of mitochondria are summarized, as well focus improving the understanding of mitochondria functions, namely apoptosis-uncontrolled necrosis-necroptosis-ferroptosis death triangle, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, iron-sulfur clusters, ionome, mitochondrial metabolome, and the redox system. AGC, aspartate/glutamate carrier; ANT, adenine nucleotide transporter; CAC, carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier; CIC, citrate carrier; GC, glutamate carrier; MCU, mitochondrial calcium uniporter; MPC, mitochondrial pyruvate carrier; SLC25, solute carrier family 25.
Figure 2. Interplay between mitochondria and key organelles. Key interactions between mitochondria and other organelles are summarized with their functions. ER, Endoplasmic Reticulum; FAs, fatty acids; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; nDNA, nuclear DNA; UPR, unfolded protein response.
Figure 3. (a) key reactive species from the reactive species interactome. Major reactive species are presented for each family. Reactive species target mostly any intracellular and extracellular compounds, including DNA, proteins, lipids and themselves. Non-exhaustively, several notable modifications induced by different reactive species are presented. (b) Only ROS in mitochondria? Presence of ROS, RNS, RSS, RCS in mitochondria is highlighted, which includes notable enzymes involved in both RSI dynamics, and mitochondria homeostasis. CAT/GOT, cysteine aminotransferase/glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase; CytC, cytochrome c; COX, cytochrome c oxidase; DHODH, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase; DLD, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase; ER, Endoplasmic Reticulum; ETF-QOR, electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase; G3PDH, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4; hydroxy-aa, hydroxyl-amino acid; MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase; MPO, myeloperoxidase; mtNOS, mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase; NO, nitric oxide; NOX4, NADPH oxidase 4; ODH, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; OGDH, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; RCS, reactive carbonyl species; SQOR, sulfide quinone oxidoreductase; XOR, xanthine oxidoreductase.
Figure 4. The gut bacterial microbiota and the mitochondria-RSI axis. Key links between the gut bacterial microbiota and the mitochondria-RSI axis are summarized. GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4; MPO, myeloperoxidase; mtRS, mitochondrial reactive species; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; RCS, reactive carbonyl species; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RSS, reactive sulfur species; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide; TUDCA, tauroursodeoxycholic acid; XOR, xanthine oxidoreductase.
Figure 5. The interplay between the circadian clock, the gut microbiota and mitochondria-RSI axis. BMAL1, brain and muscle ARNT-like 1; CLOCK, circadian locomoter output cycles kaput; CRY1/2, cryptochrome1/2; FA, fatty acid; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; KEAP1, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NRF2, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PER1/2/3, period 1/2/3; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RSS, reactive sulfur species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TIM, IM translocase complexe; TOM, OM translocase complex; XOR, xanthine oxidoreductase.
