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Figures & data
Figure 1. Image on bronchoscopy of normal carina in the trachea (A) and complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, saber sheath trachea (B).
Figure 2. Image on bronchoscopy of the right main bronchus in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder with acute pneumonia. The lower airway mucosa is denuded with mucopurulent secretion that later cultured Staphylococcus aureus.
Figure 3. Image on bronchoscopy of the right upper lobe in a patient with cystic fibrosis who had diffuse mucopurulent secretions that later cultured Pseudomonas aeruginosa (A) and underlying lower airway mucosal inflammation after removal of secretions (B).
Table 1. Listing of DPI products currently on the US market (i.e., approved by the US FDA) Citation[101].
Table 2. Listing of DPI products currently in European market Citation[102].
Figure 4. Chemical structures (ACD/ChemSketch 2012, version 14.01, Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., Toronto, Canada) of example drugs made into dry powder aerosol: (A) Umeclidinium bromide; (B) Indacaterol; (C) Aclidinium bromide; (D). Mometsone furoate; (E) Formoterol fumarate; and (F) Vilanterol.
Figure 5. Image of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) with different DPI device metering systems: (A) Unit dose with the capsule (Aerolizer®). (B) Prefilled multi-unit dose (Diskus®). (C) Multiple-dose powder reservoir bed (Twisthaler®).
Table 3. Selected DPI devices currently available in the USA and European Union (US) Citation[14,40,46,59,61,103-109].
Figure 6. Images of various parts for two unit-dose DPI devices: Left column – HandiHaler®, right column – Aerolizer®. (A & E) – device external view; (B & F) – capsule chamber and grid; (C & G) – mouth piece; (D & H) – capsule-piercing pins within the capsule chamber.
