The effectiveness of a basic exercise intervention to improve strength and balance in women with osteoporosis

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart illustrating the study design.

Table 1 Progression of exercises performed by the experimental group

Exercise	Static balance			Dynamic balance			Strength
program	Phase 1	Phase 2	Phase 3	Phase 1	Phase 2	Phase 3	Phase 1	Phase 2	Phase 3
NE	1–3	4–7	<7	1–3	4–7	<7	1–4	5–10	<10
NR	1–5	6–10	<10	1–2	3–4	5–6	1–5	6–10	<10
NS	1–2	3–5	<5	1–2	3–4	5–6	1–2	3–4	<5
ED	2–25	26–60	<60
RT (s)	60–120	30–60	15–20
V				Slow	Medium	Fast	Slow	Medium	Medium
L (kg)							0.37–0.73	0.835–1.135	1.24–1.350

Abbreviations: NE, number of exercises; NR, number of repetitions; NS, number of series; ED, exercise duration; RT, rest time; V, velocity; L, load.

Table 2 Distribution of participants in terms of age, BMI, and years with menopause

Participants	N	Age	BMI	Menopausal years
Control	32	58.8±4.5	27.6±3.2	9.7±4.5
Experimental	33	57.4±4.8	27.6±4.2	9.3±4.2

Note: Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Table 3 Measured effects in the control and experimental groups

Tests	Experimental group				Control group				ANCOVA P-value
	Pre	Post	95% CI	%	Pre	Post	95% CI	%
Dynamic balance (s)	5.88±0.56	4.63±0.55*,†	−1.25 (1.09–1.41)	−21.19±7.76	5.93±0.56	6.66±0.66*	0.73 (0.87–0.58)	12.50±6.88	<0.001
Static balance (n)	21.04±4.57	13.30±4.11*,†	−7.74 (−6.46–[−]9.01)	−36.72±13.41	21.12±4.24	24.48±3.14*	3.36 (4.52–2.19)	18.12±17.24	<0.001
Lower limb str (n)	13.09±1.75	19.27±3.07*,†	8.51 (9.34–7.59)	47.41±15.02	13.28±1.8	11.25±2.57*	−1.03 (−0.55–[−]1.51)	−15.92±11.83	<0.001
Upper limb str (n)	10.91±1.9	19.42±3.29*,†	−6.18 (6.91–5.44)	80.22±26.38	10.81±2.1	9.78±2.74*	−2.03 (−1.50–2.56)	−10.48±13.66	<0.001

Notes:

* P<0.001 significant differences between pre and post;

† P<0.001 significant differences between the control and experimental groups. Data presented as mean values and standard deviations of the measurements before (Pre) and after (Post) the exercise program; the 95% CI of the mean change; and the percentage of the change between the Pre and the Post.

Abbreviations: ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; n, number; str, strength; CI, confidence interval.

Table 4 Relationship between results obtained after the training program in the different tests

Tests	SB	DB	LLS
DB	r=0.339**	–	–
LLS	r=−0.390***	r=−0.820***	–
ULS	r=−0.317**	r=−0.849***	r=0.890***

Notes:

** P<0.01;

*** P<0.001.

Abbreviations: SB, static balance; DB, dynamic balance; LLS, lower limb strength; ULS, upper limb strength; r, Pearson’s correlation.