Molecular Functions of Ceruloplasmin in Metabolic Disease Pathology

Figures & data

Figure 1 CP physiological functions and mechanisms.

Figure 2 CP three-dimensional structure. T1Cu: type I Cu, T2Cu: type II Cu, T3Cu: type III Cu.

Figure 3 The Cu atom site of CP in the functional unit can take up a single electron from the substrate, transport it to the tricyclic group, and use the obtained electron to reduce the molecule.

Figure 4 CP participates in the transport of Cu and Fe in the liver.

Table 1 Summary of Achievements About the Role of CP in CVD Gathered from Clinical Studies

Author and Year of Publication	Study Type	Sample Size (Case/Control)	Assessment Results	Conclusions Related to CP	Association Between CP Levels and Risk of CHD
Reunanen et al^Citation148 1992	Nested case control study	104/104	Incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke	Higher serum CP level is a risk factor for myocardial infarction	✓
M. Manttari et al^Citation149 1994	Nested case control study	136/136	Nonfatal myocardial infarction or cardiac death	Patients with elevated CP had an increased coronary risk	✓
Mori et al^Citation147 1995	Cohort study	225	Severity of coronary atherosclerosis	CP may be an independent risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis and determine the severity of the disease	✓
Enbergs et al^Citation150 1998	Cohort study	275	Severity of CHD	Serum CP levels have not been identified as a risk factor in the CHD range	×
Klipstein-Grobusch et al^Citation151 1999	Nested case control study	83/127	Incidence of myocardial infarction	The association between serum CP and CHD may be attributed to inflammatory processes	✓
Engström et al^Citation152 2003	Cohort study	6075	Incidence of myocardial infarction	CP levels increased the incidence of myocardial infarction	✓
Engström et al^Citation153 2004	Cohort study	6075	Nonfatal myocardial infarction or cardiac death	CHD deaths were higher in men who had low-grade inflammation years earlier	✓
Verma et al^Citation154 2005	Cohort study	250	Severity of CHD	There was an inverse relationship between CP and coronary risk factors	×
Brunetti et al^Citation155 2008	Cohort study	123	Acute myocardial infarction. Early left ventricular systolic function	CP was the most important marker of acute heart failure	✓
Göçmen et al^Citation146 2008	Case control study	26/26	Risk of CVD	High CP levels were found to be an independent risk factor for CVD	✓
Deepa et al^Citation156 2009	Case control study	100/50	Acute myocardial infarction with and without diabetes	CP may serve as an indicator of oxidative stress	✓
Kumar et al^Citation157 2009	Case control study	165/165	Myocardial infarction	CP levels in patients with myocardial infarction were higher than those in the control group	✓
Tang et al^Citation158 2010	Cohort study	3828	Subclinical myocardial infarction	The presence of subclinical myocardial infarction was associated with increased CP levels	✓
Tang et al^Citation159 2012	Cohort study	4177	Major adverse cardiovascular events (death, myocardial infarction, stroke) occur in patients with stable heart disease	Serum CP levels were associated with a higher risk of myocardial infarction	✓
Xu et al^Citation160 2013	Case control study	78/124	Degree of heart failure	CP levels were significantly higher in both ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy	✓
Grammer et al^Citation161 2014	Cohort study	3253	All-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality	CP concentration was independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death	✓
Daybanyrova et al^Citation162 2015	Cohort study	117	Mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease	CP could be used to predict the occurrence of acute coronary events	✓
Bao et al^Citation163 2018	Cohort study	4658	Risk of CVD	CP levels could predict the risk of CVD	✓

Notes: ✓, Yes; ×, No.

Abbreviations: CP, ceruloplasmin; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease.

Figure 5 Top 10 important CP keywords with high burst values. Bold text indicates the year of the keyword appearance, blue indicates the timeline, and red indicates the time occupied by the keyword.

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