Campylobacter Gastroenteritis Among Under-Five Children in Southwest Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Study Participants at Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia (N = 214)

Variables	Categories	Freq. (%)
Age of the child (in months)	<6	38 (17.8)
	6–11	57 (26.6)
	12–23	79 (36.9)
	>24	40 (18.7)
Sex of the child	Male	109 (50.9)
	Female	105 (49.1)
Place of residence	Urban	114 (53.3)
	Rural	100 (46.7)
Maternal/Female caretakers’ occupational status	Housewives	145 (67.8)
	Government employees	39 (18.2)
	Merchants	21 (9.8)
	Others**	9 (4.2)
Maternal/Female caretakers’ level of education	No level of education	75 (35.0)
	1–8	41 (19.2)
	9–12	26 (12.1)
	Diploma	47 (22.0)
	First degree and above	25 (11.7)
Paternal/male caretakers’ occupational status	Farmers	79 (38.6)
	Government employee	78 (38.0)
	Merchants	38 (18.5)
	Others*	10 (4.9)
Presence of a latrine in the household	Yes	164 (76.6)
	No	50 (23.4)
Source of drinking water of the household	Private tap	108 (50.5)
	Public tap	90 (42.0)
	Spring	16 (7.5)

Notes: *Office guards and daily laborers; **cafeteria workers and daily laborers.

Table 2 Behavioral and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Participants at Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia (N = 214)

Variables	Categories		Freq. (%)
Child contact with domestic animals	Yes		76 (35.5)
	No		138 (64.5)
Caretakers’ handwashing habit	Before preparation of food	Yes	147 (68.7)
		No	67 (31.3)
	After toilet	Yes	172 (80.4)
		No	42 (19.6)
	Before breastfeeding	Yes	19 (10.8)
		No	157 (89.2)
The habit of treating water before usage	Yes		143 (66.8)
	No		71 (33.2)
Chance of consuming raw/undercooked meat	Yes		9 (4.2)
	No		205 (95.8)
Consumption of raw dairy products	Yes		52 (24.3)
	No		162 (75.7)
Consumption of raw/ Unpeeled fruits	Yes		24 (11.2)
	No		190 (88.8)
Consumption of poultry	Yes		8 (3.7)
	No		206 (96.3)
Nutritional status of the children	Stunting		86 (40.2)
	Underweight		127 (59.3)
	Wasting		60 (28)
	Overweight		9 (4.2)
Vomiting	Yes		164 (76.6)
	No		50 (23.4)
Bloody diarrhea	Yes		10 (4.7)
	No		204 (95.4)
HIV status	Positive		3 (1.4%)
	Negative		211 (98.6%)

Table 3 Bivariate and Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis Between Candidate Variables and Campylobacter Infection Among Under-Five Children at Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia (N = 214)

Variables	Categories	Campylobacter Infection		COR, (95% CI)	AOR, (95% CI)
		Positive Freq. (%)	Negative Freq. (%)
Paternal/male caretakers’ occupational status	Govt. Employee	2 (2.6)	76 (97.4)	1	1
	Others^#	17 (13.4)	110 (86.6)	5.6 (1.3, 25.1)	1.1 (0.1, 9.1)
Place of residence	Urban	4 (3.5)	110 (96.5)	1	1
	Rural	15 (15.0)	85 (85.0)	4.8 (1.6, 15.2)	0.4 (0.05, 2.8)
Handwashing before preparing food	Yes	6 (4.1)	141 (95.9)	1	1
	No	13 (19.4)	54 (80.6)	5.6 (2.0, 15.5)	3.7 (1.2, 10.8)*
Water treatment before child using	Yes	5 (3.5)	138 (96.5)	1	1
	No	14 (19.4)	57 (80.3)	6.8 (2.3, 19.7)	1.8 (0.5, 6.7)
Presence of domestic animals	Yes	12 (20)	48 (80)	5.3 (1.9, 14.1)	1.1 (0.3, 5.2)
	No	7 (4.5)	147 (95.5)	1
Child contact with domestic animals	Yes	15 (19.7)	61 (80.3)	8.2 (2.6, 25.9)	3.6 (1.0, 12.7)*
	No	4 (1.9)	134 (62.2)	1	1
Consumption of raw dairy products	Yes	13 (25)	39 (75)	8.6 (3.1, 24.3)	4.5 (1.4, 13.9)*
	No	6 (3.7)	156 (96.3)	1	1

Notes: *p<0.05; ^#Farmers, merchants, office guards, and daily laborers; 1, reference category; Numbers in bold font represent variables significantly associated with Campylobacter infection in multivariate logistic regression.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.

Table 4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Under-Five Children at Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia (N = 19)

Selected Antibiotics		Disk Concentration (μg)	Susceptibility Pattern
			S Freq. (%)	I Freq. (%)	R Freq. (%)
Quinolone	Ciprofloxacin	5	18 (94.7)	-	1 (5.3)
Macrolides	Azithromycin	15	19 (100)	-	-
	Erythromycin	15	15 (78.9)	2 (10.5)	2 (10.5)
Phenicol	Chloramphenicol	30	8 (42.1)	3 (15.8)	8 (42.1)
Penicillin	Ampicillin	10	3 (15.8)	1 (5.3)	15 (78.9)
Beta-lactam/ beta-lactamase inhibitor	Amoxicillin/ clavulanate	30	16 (84.2)	-	3 (15.8)
Cephalosporin	Ceftriaxone	30	1 (5.3)	-	18 (94.7)
Carbapenem	Meropenem	10	16 (84.2)	1 (5.3)	2 (10.5)
Aminoglycoside	Gentamicin	10	19 (100)	-	-
Folate pathway inhibitor	Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole	25	1 (5.3)	-	18 (94.7)
MDR					15 (78.9)

Note: MDR, non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories.

Abbreviations: S, susceptible; I, intermediate; R, resistant.