Campylobacter Gastroenteritis Among Under-Five Children in Southwest Ethiopia

References

• UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group, United Nations. Levels and trends in child mortality 2019, Estimates developed by the UN inter-agency group for child mortality estimation. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(6):e710–e720.
   Google Scholar
• Troeger C, Blacker BF, Khalil IA, et al. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(11):1211–1228. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30362-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu X-H, Tian L, Cheng Z-J, et al. Viral and bacterial etiology of acute diarrhea among children under 5 years of age in Wuhan, China. Chin Med J. 2016;129(16):1939. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.187852
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassa T, Gebre-selassie S, Asrat D. The prevalence of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. in food animals in Jimma Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2005;19(3):225–229.
   Google Scholar
• Sheppard SK, Dallas JF, Strachan NJ, et al. Campylobacter genotyping to determine the source of human infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(8):1072–1078. doi:10.1086/597402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaakoush NO, Castaño-Rodríguez N, Mitchell HM, Man SM. Global epidemiology of Campylobacter infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(3):687–720. doi:10.1128/CMR.00006-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravel A, Hurst M, Petrica N, et al. Source attribution of human Campylobacteriosis at the point of exposure by combining comparative exposure assessment and subtype comparison based on comparative genomic fingerprinting. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0183790. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igwaran A, Okoh AI. Human Campylobacteriosis: a public health concern of global importance. Heliyon. 2019;5(11):e02814. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havelaar AH, Kirk MD, Torgerson PR, et al. World Health Organization global estimates and regional comparisons of the burden of foodborne disease in 2010. PLoS Med. 2015;12(12):e1001923. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The European Union one health 2019 zoonoses report. Efsa J. 2021;19(2):e06406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koluman A, Dikici A. Antimicrobial resistance of emerging foodborne pathogens: status quo and global trends. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2013;39(1):57–69. doi:10.3109/1040841X.2012.691458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The European Union Summary Report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals, and food in 2019–2020. EFSA J. 2022;20(3):e06490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mughal MH. Campylobacteriosis-A global threat. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2018;11(5):8804–8808. doi:10.26717/BJSTR.2018.11.002165
   Google Scholar
• Fosgate GT. Practical sample size calculations for surveillance and diagnostic investigations. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2009;21(1):3–14. doi:10.1177/104063870902100102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tafa B, Sewunet T, Tassew H, Asrat D. Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of campylobacter species among diarrheic children at Jimma, Ethiopia. Int J Bacteriol. 2014;2014:1–7. doi:10.1155/2014/560617
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Guideline: assessing and managing children at primary health-care facilities to prevent overweight and obesity in the context of the double burden of malnutrition; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Public Health England. UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations; Identification of Campylobacter Spp. Bacteriology. Public Health England; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Vandepitte J, Verhaegen J, Engbaek K, et al. Basic Laboratory Procedures in Clinical Bacteriology. World Health Organization; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett TJ, Patton CM, Morris GK. Differentiation of Campylobacter spp. using phenotypic characterization. Lab Med. 1988;19(2):96–102. doi:10.1093/labmed/19.2.96
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chukwu MO, Abia ALK, Ubomba-Jaswa E, Obi L, Dewar JB. Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Campylobacter spp. isolated from pediatric stool and water samples in the Northwest province, South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(12):2205. doi:10.3390/ijerph16122205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noreen Z, Siddiqui F, Javed S, Wren BW, Bokhari H. Transmission of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni to children from different sources in Pakistan. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020;20:219–224. doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2019.07.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luangtongkum T, Morishita TY, El-Tayeb AB, Ison AJ, Zhang Q. Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter spp. by the agar dilution and the agar disk diffusion methods. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(2):590–594. doi:10.1128/JCM.00986-06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel JB, Cockerill F, Bradford PA. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twenty-fifth informational supplement; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Routine and extended internal quality control for MIC determination and disk diffusion as recommended by EUCAST; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Magiorakos A-P, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268–281. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szczepanska B, Andrzejewska M, Spica D, Klawe JJ. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from children and environmental sources in urban and suburban areas. BMC Microbiol. 2017;17(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/s12866-017-0991-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sainato R, ElGendy A, Poly F, et al. Epidemiology of Campylobacter infections among children in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98(2):581. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deogratias A-P, Mushi MF, Paterno L, et al. Prevalence and determinants of Campylobacter infection among under-five children with acute watery diarrhea in Mwanza, North Tanzania. Archives of Public Health. 2014;72(1):1–6. doi:10.1186/2049-3258-72-17
   Google Scholar
• Mshana S, Joloba M, Kakooza A, Kaddu-Mulindwa D. Campylobacter spp. among children with acute diarrhea attending Mulago hospital in Kampala-Uganda. Afr Health Sci. 2009;9(3):201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samie A, Ramalivhana J, Igumbor E, Obi CL. Prevalence, hemolytic and haemagglutination activities, and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Campylobacter spp. isolated from human diarrhoeal stools in Vhembe District, South Africa. J Health Popul Nutr. 2007;25(4):406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohakud NK, Patra SD, Kumar S, Sahu PS, Misra N, Shrivastava AK. Detection and molecular typing of Campylobacter isolates from human and animal feces in the coastal belt of Odisha, India. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2019;37(3):345–350. doi:10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_19_394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty M, Ochieng J, Chege W, et al. Sporadic pediatric diarrhoeal illness in urban and rural sites in Nyanza Province, Kenya. East Afr Med J. 2009;86(8):387–398. doi:10.4314/eamj.v86i8.54159
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lengerh A, Moges F, Unakal C, Anagaw B. Prevalence, associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Campylobacter spp. among under-five diarrheic children at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-13-82
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake I, Colon-Gonzalez FJ, Takkinen J, et al. exploring Campylobacter seasonality across Europe using the European surveillance system (TESSy), 2008 to 2016. Eurosurveillance. 2019;24(13):1800028. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.13.180028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pires A, Patterson L, Kukielka E, Aminabadi P, Navarro-Gonzalez N, Jay-Russell M. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella enterica in livestock raised on diversified small-scale farms in California. Epidemiol Infect. 2019;147. doi:10.1017/S095026881900205X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studahl A, Andersson Y. Risk factors for indigenous Campylobacter infection: a Swedish case-control study. Epidemiol Infect. 2000;125(2):269–275. doi:10.1017/S0950268899004562
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapperud G, Espeland G, Wahl E, et al. Factors associated with increased and decreased risk of Campylobacter infection: a prospective case-control study in Norway. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158(3):234–242. doi:10.1093/aje/kwg139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obaidat MM. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Campylobacter jejuni seropositivity in Jordan. Infect Dis. 2019;51(2):140–146. doi:10.1080/23744235.2018.1540883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budge S, Barnett M, Hutchings P, et al. Risk factors and transmission pathways associated with infant Campylobacter spp. prevalence and malnutrition: a formative study in rural Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0232541. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davys G, Marshall J, Fayaz A, Weir R, Benschop J. Campylobacteriosis associated with the consumption of unpasteurized milk: findings from a sentinel surveillance site. Epidemiol Infect. 2020;148. doi:10.1017/S0950268819002292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amour C, Gratz J, Mduma E, et al. Epidemiology and impact of Campylobacter infection in children in 8 low-resource settings: results from the MAL-ED study. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(9):1171–1179. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trajkovska-Dokic E, Mihajlov K, Mirchevska G, Kostovski M, Blazevska A, Stojkovska S. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates in the capital of North Macedonia. Prilozi. 2019;2019:0017.
   Google Scholar
• Park SH, Kim BJ, Kwon YH, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic analysis of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from diarrhea patients in Busan. Ann Clin Microbiol. 2019;22(2):42–49. doi:10.5145/ACM.2019.22.2.42
   Google Scholar
• Mulatu G, Beyene G, Zeynudin A. Prevalence of Shigella, Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. and their susceptibility patterns among under-five children with diarrhea in Hawassa town, South Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2014;24(2):101. doi:10.4314/ejhs.v24i2.1
   Google Scholar
• Pervin MK, Jhora ST, Paul S, Naher A. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of diarrhoeal pathogens in under-five children. Bangladesh Medl J Khulna. 2019;52(1–2):35–39. doi:10.3329/bmjk.v52i1-2.46148
   Google Scholar
• Muhie OA. Antibiotic use and resistance pattern in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Microbiol. 2019;2019:1–8. doi:10.1155/2019/2489063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar