Nano-biotechnology: a new approach to treat and prevent malaria

Figures & data

Figure 1 Different aspects of nano-biotechnology.

Figure 2 Biological synthesis of metallic NPs.

Abbreviations: EDX, energy-dispersive X-ray; FTIR, Fourier-transform infrared; NPs, nanoparticles; SEM, scanning electron microscope; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; UV, ultraviolet; vis, visible; XRD, X-ray diffraction.

Figure 2 Biological synthesis of metallic NPs.

Abbreviations: EDX, energy-dispersive X-ray; FTIR, Fourier-transform infrared; NPs, nanoparticles; SEM, scanning electron microscope; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; UV, ultraviolet; vis, visible; XRD, X-ray diffraction.

Table 1 Effects of some photosynthetic metallic NPs against malaria parasites

Plant species	Test NPs	Test Plasmodium species	References
Andrographis paniculata	Silver NPs	P. falciparum	^Citation108
Catharanthus roseus Linn.	Silver NPs	P. falciparum	^Citation108
Ashoka and neem	Silver NPs	P. falciparum	^Citation109
Calotropis gigantea	Titanium	All species of plasmodium	^Citation110
Euphorbia prostrate	Silver	–	^Citation111

Abbreviations: NPs, nanoparticles; P. falciparum, Plasmodium falciparum.

Table 2 Effects of some photosynthetic metallic NPs against malaria vectors

Plant species	Test NPs	Test malaria vector	References
Eclipta prostrata	Silver	Anopheles subpictus	^Citation112
Mimosa pudica	–		^Citation101
Annona squamosa	–	–	^Citation113
Euphorbia hirta	–	–	^Citation114
Ammannia baccifera	–	A. stephensi	^Citation115
Nelumbo nucifera		All species of malaria vectors	^Citation102
Drypetes roxburghii	–	–	^Citation29
Leucas aspera	–	A. stephensi	^Citation116
Cymbopogon citratus	Gold	All species of malaria vectors	^Citation117
Plectranthus amboinicus	Zinc	A. stephensi	^Citation118
Morinda citrifolia	Titanium	–	^Citation115
Melia azedarach	Silver	All species of malaria vector	^Citation119

Abbreviations: A. stephensi, Anopheles stephensi; A. subpictus, Anopheles subpictus; NPs, nanoparticles.

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