Recent trends in the development of nanophytobioactive compounds and delivery systems for their possible role in reducing oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease models

Figures & data

Figure 1 Nano phytobioactive compounds mechanism of action against Parkinson’s disease pathway.

Notes: Phytobioactive compounds of its unique nanosize successfully cross the blood–brain barrier thereby inhibit the caspases activity and oxidative stress thereby inhibit further activation of glial cells and diseased dopaminergic neurons; also exhibit enhancement of endogenous antioxidant enzyme levels; inhibit the inflammatory cascade. These actions confirmed that phytobioactive compounds will be a successful therapeutic agent for Parkinson’s diseases.

Figure 2 Nanotechnology delivery methods for producing nanosized phytobioactive compounds.

Table 1 Bioavailability of plant-based nanobioactive compounds and their production methods

Bioactive compounds	Production methods	Particle size (nm)	Experiment models	Bioavailability	References
Nanocurcumin	Alginate–curcumin nanocomposite	11.3	Drosophila model	Increase bioavailability and decrease oxidative stress and apoptosis in Parkinson’s disease	Siddique et al (2013)^Citation236
	Solid lipid nanoparticle	190	Balb/c mice	Increase concentrations in lungs	Wang et al (2012)^Citation237
	PLGA nanoparticles	100–200	HeLa cells	Increase anticancer efficiency	Nair et al (2012)^Citation238
	PLGA nanoparticles	80–120	Human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells	Decrease neurons against oxidative damage in Alzheimer’s disease	Doggui et al (2012)^Citation239
	PLGA nanoparticles	158	Sprague Dawley rats	Increase intravenous bioavailability	Tsai et al (2011)^Citation13
	PLGA nanoparticles	NA	Sprague Dawley rats	Increase neuroprotective effect	Chang et al (2015)^Citation240
Nanoginsenosides	Nanoliposome	150	L929 cells	Enhance the survival rate of H2 O2 -damaged cells	Tsai et al (2012)^Citation172
	Ginsenoside compound K-bearing glycol chitosan conjugate nanoparticles	255 and 296	Cancer cell lines	Exhibited higher cytotoxicity to HT29, HepG2, and HT22 cancer cells	Mathiyalagan et al (2014)^Citation241
Nanoresveratrol	Nanocapsule	241	Male Wistar rats	Enhanced bioavailability in Alzheimer’s disease	Frozza et al (2010)^Citation242
	PCL–PEG polymeric micelles	100	PC12 cells	Enhanced bioavailability in Alzheimer’s disease	Lu et al (2009)^Citation243
	Eudragit E100	73.8	Male Wistar rats	Decrease oxidative stress and prevent chronic liver disease	Lee et al (2012)^Citation244
	PEG–PLA–resveratrol conjugates	150	Rat C6 and Human U87 glioma cells	Increase antitumor activity	Guo et al (2013)^Citation245
	Resveratrol-loaded PEG–PLA polymeric NPs	120–233	Cultured CT26 colon cancer cells in vitro and in CT26 tumor-bearing mice in vivo	Higher antitumor activity	Jung et al (2015)^Citation246
Nanocatechin	Nanoencapsulation	432–440	Swiss outbred mice	Increase bioavailability	Dube et al (2010)^Citation188
	Tea polyphenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles	400–452	HepG2 cells	Increase antitumor	Liang et al (2014)^Citation247
	Nanoliposome	71.7	In vitro	Increase bioavailability	Zou et al (2014)^Citation187
	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate gold nanoparticle	64.7	B16F10 murine melanoma cells	Improved anticancer efficacy	Chen et al (2014)^Citation248
	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded nanoparticles prepared from chitosan and polyaspartic acid	102	Oral administration to rabbits	Decrease atherosclerosis	Hong et al (2014)^Citation249
Nanoquercetin	Solid lipid nanoparticles	200	Male Wistar rats	Increase brain antioxidant capacity	Dhawan et al (2011)^Citation197
	Solid lipid nanoparticles	155.3	Male Wistar rats	Increase sustained release	Li et al (2009)^Citation98
	Nanosuspension	430	In vitro	Higher antioxidant activity	Karadag et al (2014)^Citation250
	Nanoliposomes	62.3–191.5	C6 glioma cells	Anticancer activity	Wang et al (2012)^Citation251
Nanolycopene	Nanostructured lipid carrier	150–160	In vitro	Higher antioxidant activity	Okonogi et al (2015)^Citation215
	Nanoemulsions	100–200	In vitro	Higher bioavailability	Ha et al (2015)^Citation213

Abbreviations: NA, not available; NP, nanoparticle; PCL, poly-caprolactone; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PLGA, polylactic-co-glycolic acid.

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