Distance associated heterophoria measured with polarized Cross test of MKH method and its relationship to refractive error and age

Figures & data

Figure 1 Positively polarized Cross test.

Notes: Left top: perception on the Cross test without polarization filters; right top: perception by the right eye with polarization filters; left bottom: perception by the left eye with polarization filters; right bottom: perception by both eyes with polarization filters.

Table 1 Occurrence of distance associated HTF

Classification according to the direction of horizontal and vertical deviation			Classification according to the direction of horizontal deviation
Direction	Number	Percentage (%)	Direction	Number	Percentage (%)
Esophoria	62	36.5	Esophoria	78	45.9
Esophoria and hyperphoria	16	9.4
Exophoria and hyperphoria	12	7.1	Exophoria	30	17.6
Exophoria	18	10.6
Hyperphoria	13	7.6	Orthophoria	62	36.5
Orthophoria	49	28.8

Abbreviation: HTF, heterophoria.

Figure 2 Histogram of frequency representation of distance horizontal associated HTFs.

Abbreviations: HTFs, heterophorias; pd, prism diopter (Δ); SD, standard deviation.

Figure 3 Histogram of frequency representation of distance vertical associated HTFs.

Abbreviations: HTFs, heterophorias; pd, prism diopter (Δ); SD, standard deviation.

Figure 4 Histogram of frequency representation of spherical equivalent of refractive error.

Abbreviations: D, diopter; SD, standard deviation; SE, spherical equivalent.

Table 2 Descriptive statistics for the total group, esophorias, and exophorias

Group	Variables	N	Mean	SD	CI (−95%)	CI (95%)	Median	Minimum	Maximum
The entire group	Age, years	170	40.70	16.62	38.18	43.22	41.00	15.00	78.00
	SE (D)		−0.37	1.74	−0.63	−0.11	−0.22	−6.75	3.81
	Amount of horizontal HTF (Δ)		0.76	2.38	0.40	1.12	0.00	−8.75	14.50
	Amount of vertical HTF (Δ)		−0.06	0.69	−0.17	0.04	0.00	−5.50	4.50
Esophoria	Age, years	78	43.45	17.42	39.52	47.38	44.50	14.00	78.00
	SE (D)		−0.39	1.84	−0.80	0.03	−0.22	−6.75	3.75
	Amount of horizontal HTF (Δ)		2.47	2.18	1.98	2.96	2.00	0.50	14.50
	Amount of vertical HTF (Δ)		−0.04	0.39	−0.12	0.05	0.00	−1.75	1.50
Exophoria	Age, years	30	40.10	13.38	35.10	45.10	42.50	16.00	60.00
	SE (D)		−0.22	1.41	−0.74	0.31	−0.03	−5.94	2.00
	Amount of horizontal HTF (Δ)		−2.10	1.72	−2.74	−1.46	−1.75	−8.75	−0.25
	Amount of vertical HTF (Δ)		−0.13	0.28	−0.23	−0.02	0.00	−0.75	0.50

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; D, diopter; HTF, heterophoria; SD, standard deviation; SE, spherical equivalent.

Figure 5 Correlation between the amount of distance horizontal associated HTFs and age.

Notes: Blue dots represent entities with varying amounts of horizontal associated HTFs and age. The red line represents the regression line.
Abbreviations: HTFs, heterophorias; pd, prism diopter (Δ).

Figure 6 Correlation between the amount of distance vertical associated HTFs and age.

Notes: Blue dots represent entities with varying amounts of vertical associated HTFs and age. The red line represents the regression line.
Abbreviations: HTFs, heterophorias; pd, prism diopter (Δ).

Figure 7 Box plot illustrates values of distance horizontal associated HTF for refractive errors.

Abbreviations: HTFs, heterophorias; pd, prism diopter (Δ).

Figure 8 Correlation between amount of distance horizontal HTF and amount of spherical equivalent.

Notes: Blue dots represent entities with varying amounts of horizontal associated HTFs and SE of refractive error. The red line represents the regression line.
Abbreviations: D, diopter; HTFs, heterophorias; pd, prism diopter (Δ); SE, spherical equivalent.