Evaluation of the Efficacy of Ginger, Arabic Gum, and Boswellia in Acute and Chronic Renal Failure

Figures & data

Table 1. Effect of oral administration 3 days before and 8 weeks concurrent with adenine (200 mg/kg) on renal function parameters and LDH activity in adult male albino rats.

Parameters	Control	Adenine	Ginger	Boswellia	AG
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	1.01 ± 0.08	6.10 ± 0.03	3.20^** ± 0.25	5.24 ± 0.51	4.43^** ± 0.1
Serum urea level (mg/dL)	35.50 ± 2.26	163.90 ±4.20	57.40^** ± 5.50	135.50^** ± 3.50	102.80^** ± 8.50
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	18.04 ± 0.94	74.42 ± 1.96	24.15^** ± 0.82	63.29^** ± 1.64	40.95^** ± 1.23
Serum LDH activity (U/L)	494.00 ± 6.12	636.00 ± 18.26	462.09^** ± 14.46	599.00 ± 3.51	587.22^** ± 14.19

Notes: Data show the administration of Boswellia (900 mg/kg), ginger (500 mg/kg), and AG (200 mg/kg). The results are presented as mean ± SEM. N = 7 for control; 9 for adenine and AG; 11 for ginger; and 6 for Boswellia. AG, Arabic gum; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.

*Significantly different from control at p < 0.05; ^**significantly different from Adenine at p < 0.05.

Table 2. Effect of oral administration 7 days before 30 min ischemia and 24 h reperfusion (IR) on renal function parameters and LDH activity in adult male albino rats.

Parameters	Sham-operated	IR	Ginger	Boswellia	AG
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	0.85 ± 0.07	6.81 ± 0.56	2.55^** ± 0.21	4.92^** ± 0.30	3.02^** ± 0.19
Serum urea level (mg/dL)	26.00 ± 1.94	159.83 ± 2.84	66.33^** ± 4.32	119.20^** ± 6.86	74.00^** ± 3.27
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	10.72 ± 0.33	74.60 ± 1.31	30.95^** ± 0.86	53.01^** ± 2.30	35.85^** ± 1.06
Serum LDH activity (U/L)	283.80 ± 11.25	398.00 ± 11.95	313.83^** ± 14.07	385.60 ± 10.92	290.60^** ± 19.66

Notes: Data show the administration of Boswellia (900 mg/kg), ginger (500 mg/kg), and AG (200 mg/kg). The results are presented as mean ± SEM. AG, Arabic gum; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase. N = 6 for all groups except Boswellia and for Arabic gum N = 5.

*Significantly different from sham-operated rats at p < 0.05; ^**significantly different from IR rats at p < 0.05.

Figure 1. Effect of oral administration of Boswellia (900 mg/kg), ginger (500 mg/kg), and Arabic gum (200 mg/kg) 3 days before and 8 weeks concurrent with adenine (200 mg/kg) on serum MDA levels (A), renal SOD (B), and serum CRP levels (C) in adult male albino rats.

Notes: MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CRP, C-reactive protein.

*Significantly different from control at p < 0.05; ^**significantly different from adenine group at p < 0.05.

Figure 2. Effect of oral administration of Boswellia (900mg/kg), ginger (500 mg/kg), and Arabic gum (200 mg/kg) for 7 days before RIR on serum MDA levels (A), renal SOD (B), and serum CRP levels (C) in adult male albino rats.

Notes: I/R, ischemia–reperfusion; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CRP, C-reactive protein.

*Significantly different from sham-operated rats at p < 0.05; ^**significantly different from ischemic–reperfusion (IR) group at p< 0.05.

Figure 3. (A) Electron micrograph of normal rat kidney with normal ultrastructure of proximal tubules, cells with many electron-dense granules, apical vacuolations, and normal-shaped nuclei with apical microvilli and basal enfolding full of mitochondria (arrows); (B) electron micrograph of rat kidney treated with adenine with ultrastructural heterogeneity within proximal tubules, loss of microvilli, some cells show electron-dense cytoplasm, and few mitochondria (arrows); (C) electron micrograph of rat kidney treated with ginger with relatively normal proximal tubules, blood capillaries, corrugated basement membrane, wide capillary spaces, and electron-dense nuclei of blood vessels with irregular-shaped nuclei. There is increase in mesangial cells. The podocytes show dark cytoplasm with dark nuclei (arrows); (D) electron micrograph of rat kidney treated with Boswellia, showing ultrastructural damage within proximal tubules, very few electron-dense granules, and irregular-shaped nuclei of some cells; and (E) electron micrograph of rat kidney treated with AG, showing an improvement of proximal tubules, wide intercellular spaces, corrugated nuclei, thickened basement membrane, and few electron-dense granules (arrows).

Note: AG, Arabic gum.