Evaluation of Resistive Index by Color Doppler Imaging of Orbital Arteries in Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Microalbuminuria

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison of the demographic, laboratory, and clinical characteristics of diabetic and control patients.

	Group 1 (n = 51)	Group 2 (n = 40)	Controls (n = 27)	p
Gender (male/female)	26/25	22/18	14/13	NS^a
Age (years)	55.88 ± 11.18	53.25 ± 8.38	53.59 ± 9.86	NS^b
BMI (kg/m^2)	30.62 ± 5.97	30.32 ± 4.51	29.36 ± 5.35	NS^b
Diabetes duration (years)	8.23 ± 2.55	6.87 ± 4.37	–	NS^c
Hypertension duration (years)	6.50 ± 5.80	6.20 ± 5.90	–	NS^c
Urea (mg/dL)	35.31 ± 7.26	33.85 ± 3.68	32.48 ± 3.84	NS^d
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.88 ± 0.20	0.86 ± 0.19	0.80 ± 0.13	NS^d
HbA1c (%)	8.40 ± 2.21	7.46 ± 1.01	6.08 ± 0.43	<0.01^b
Systolic BP (mmHg)	123.13 ± 11.40	122.00 ± 8.22	122.59 ± 8.59	NS^d
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	75.09 ± 8.09	75.00 ± 8.16	74.81 ± 7.00	NS^d
eGFR (mL/min)	113.93 ± 13.50	119.31 ± 14.19	116.67 ± 24.77	NS^b
UAE (mg/day)	181.41 ± 60.33	179.25 ± 52.70	15.77 ± 5.80	<0.001^b
Mean RI of OA	0.77 ± 0.06	0.69 ± 0.05	0.68 ± 0.06	<0.001^b
Mean RI of CRA	0.69 ± 0.06	0.65 ± 0.05	0.62 ± 0.09	<0.001^b
Mean RI of PCA	0.72 ± 0.04	0.68 ± 0.04	0.67 ± 0.07	<0.001^b

Notes: All measurable values were given with mean ± standard deviation. NS, nonsignificant; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UAE, urinary albumin excretion; RI, resistive index; OA, ophthalmic artery; CRA, central retinal artery; PCA, posterior ciliary artery.

^aUsing chi-square test.

^bUsing one-way ANOVA with a post hoc Bonferroni.

^cUsing independent sample T test.

^dUsing Kruskall–Wallis test.

Figure 1. (A) Relationship between mean resistive index (RI) of ophthalmic artery and age (r = 0.549, p < 0.001). (B) Relationship between mean RI of posterior ciliary artery and age (r = 0.407, p = 0.003). (C) Relationship between mean RI of central retinal artery and age (r = 0.486, p < 0.001). (D) Relationship between mean RI of central retinal artery and diabetes duration (r = 0.296, p = 0.035).

Figure 2. Graph demonstrating receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis of RI of OA and diabetic retinopathy with area under the curve of 0.849.