Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of branches extracts of five Juniperus species from Turkey

Figures & data

Table 1.  Collection sites and herbarium numbers of the plant samples, and percentage yields of Juniperus spp. branches extracts.

Juniperus species	Collection sites	Herbarium numbers	Yields (w/w %)
			Methanol extracts	Water extracts
Juniperus communis L. var. communis	Ağri: Doğubeyazit, Korhan Y.	AEF 23854	6.65	13.76
Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis Pall.	Ankara: Kizilcahamam, işik Daği	AEF 23801	14.32	18.94
Juniperus drupacea Labill.	Antalya: Antalya-Konya road	AEF 23610	6.40	13.12
Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus	Ankara: Kizilcahamam, işik Daği	AEF 23799	11.58	16.20
Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. macrocarpa (Sibth. & Sm.) Ball.	Izmir: Çeşme, around Çiftlikköy	AEF 23855	9.69	19.23

The yields are referenced to 100 g of dried branches.

Table 2.  Quantitative determination of total phenolics (calculated as gallic acid), total Flavonoids (calculated as quercetin), and Condensed Tannins (calculated as catechin), of Juniperus spp. branches extracts.

Juniperus species	Total Phenolics mg GAE/g extract (dw)		Total Flavonoids mg QE/g extract (dw)		Condensed Tannins mg CE/g extract (dw)
	Methanol extracts	Water extracts	Methanol extracts	Water extracts	Methanol extracts	Water extracts
Jcc	170.43 ± 2.13	149.88 ± 2.67	14.44 ± 1.05	26.70 ± 0.50	138.54 ± 4.40	103.10 ± 3.37
Jcs	196.65 ± 3.41	156.00 ± 1.50	10.63 ± 0.77	10.50 ± 0.43	188.44 ± 12.21	107.37 ± 0.11
Jd	184.23 ± 4.33	98.74 ± 0.49	9.76 ± 0.44	15.70 ± 0.04	128.23 ± 1.94	51.22 ± 1.14
Joo	253.29 ± 3.16	151.06 ± 2.00	9.79 ± 0.39	12.18 ± 0.37	125.34 ± 3.35	85.28 ± 1.09
Jom	227.06 ± 4.66	212.88 ± 2.95	6.60 ± 0.08	11.41 ± 0.27	163.60 ± 8.16	155.03 ± 7.88

Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3).

Table 3.  Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH test), reducing power, ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) chelating activity, and anti-lipid peroxidation activity (TBA assay) of Juniperus spp. branches extracts.

Juniperus species	DPPH test IC50 (mg/mL)		Reducing power assay (ASE/mL)		Fe^2+ chelating activity IC50 (mg/mL)		TBA test IC50 (µg/mL)
	Methanol extracts	Water extracts	Methanol extracts	Water extracts	Methanol extracts	Water extracts	Methanol extracts	Water extracts
Jcc	0.164 ± 0.005	0.186 ± 0.004	3.564 ± 0.142	4.907 ± 0.228	33.109 ± 0.401	3.530 ± 0.254	3.476 ± 1.188	12.181 ± 3.118
Jcs	0.079 ± 0.004	0.132 ± 0.004	3.421 ± 0.094	4.773 ± 0.039	30.548 ± 0.480	3.467 ± 0.003	3.201 ± 0.156	12.060 ± 2.131
Jd	0.120 ± 0.002	0.898 ± 0.052	3.524 ± 0.102	6.789 ± 0.238	4.075 ± 1.322	1.004 ± 0.001	4.356 ± 2.159	38.886 ± 1.871
Joo	0.046 ± 0.004	0.136 ± 0.002	1.781 ± 0.040	5.702 ± 0.056	6.829 ± 1.159	0.537 ± 0.006	0.349 ± 1.210	6.759 ± 1.238
Jom	0.054 ± 0.003	0.034 ± 0.003	3.158 ± 0.098	3.486 ± 0.010	1.408 ± 0.240	0.715 ± 0.007	0.287 ± 0.166	6.302 ± 0.586
Standard	BHT (0.134 ± 0.001)		BHT (1.754 ± 0.049)		EDTA (0.009 ± 0.001)		Propyl gallate (0.179 ± 0.402)

Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3).

Table 4.  MIC values (A) and percentage of biofilm reduction (B) of Juniperus spp. branches extracts.

Microorganisms	Methanol extracts					Water extracts					Sd
	Jcc	Jcs	Jd	Joo	Jom	Jcc	Jcs	Jd	Joo	Jom
A^a	MIC (μg/mL)
Gram-positive
*S. aureus ATCC 6538P	19.53	19.53	9.76	19.53	19.53	19.53	19.53	39.10	19.53	4.88	0.3^†
S. epidermidis G1	78.12	156.25	156.25	156.25	156.25	78.12	78.12	156.25	156.25	78.12	0.3^†
E. hirae V3	156.25	156.25	78.12	156.25	156.25	>250.00	>250.00	>250.00	>250.00	>250.00	0.2^†
B^b	Biofilm reduction %
*S. aureus ATCC 6538P	82	81	78	84	81	68	66	70	78	60

^aMIC values ≤250.00 μg/mL are reported.

^bStrains resistant to anti-biofilm effect of the extracts are not shown.

Standard drug (Sd): ^†ofloxacin.