FISH-BOL and seafood identification: Geographically dispersed case studies reveal systemic market substitution across Canada

Figures & data

Table I.  Sample overview.

BOLD process ID	Sample name (label/menu)	Additional label info, fresh/frozen	Country of origin (label)	Country processed (label)	Price (CAN$)/kg	Species match in BOLD database	Similarity with BOLD match (%)	Unique species match	Mislabeled
Toronto, fillets
CBCMS044-10	Mackerel	Peppered, smoked, frozen	UK	UK	22.45	Scomber scombrus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS045-10	Coho Salmon	Sliced, smoked, frozen	u* (Pacific)	Canada	19.49	Oncorhynchus kisutch	100.0	×	No
CBCMS046-10	Albacore Tuna	Wild, frozen	u	Canada	28.57	Thunnus sp.	100.0	×	Unresolved
CBCMS047-10	Haddock	Fillets, frozen	u	Scotland	34.95	Melanogrammus aeglefinus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS048-10	Rainbow Trout	Peppered, smoked, fillets, frozen	u	Norway	32.11	Oncorhynchus mykiss	100.0	×	No
CBCMS049-10	Shark	Steak, fresh	u	u	17.60	Carcharhinus plumbeus	100.0		Unresolved
CBCMS050-10	Sea Bass	Fillets, fresh	Chile	u	39.70	Dissostichus eleginoides	100.0	×	Yes (Patagonian Toothfish)
CBCMS053-10	Sockeye Salmon	Smoked, wild, frozen	u	u	70.47	Oncorhynchus nerka	100.0	×	No
CBCMS054-10	Ocean Perch	Fillets, frozen	u	China	14.98	Sebastes sp. (five species)^†	100.0		No
CBCMS055-10	Pacific Pink Salmon	Wild, frozen	u	China	11.74	Oncorhynchus gorbuscha	100.0	×	No
CBCMS056-10	Halibut	Wild, steaks, frozen	USA (Alaska)	USA	u	Hippoglossus stenolepis	99.8	×	No
CBCMS057-10	Boston Bluefish	Fillets, frozen	u	Canada	11.23	Pollachius virens	100.0	×	No
CBCMS058-10	Pacific Salmon	Portions, frozen	u	China	14.98	Oncorhynchus keta	100.0	×	Yes (must include species)
CBCMS059-10	Pacific Salmon	Wild, smoked, fresh	u	Canada	28.63	Oncorhynchus keta	100.0	×	Yes (must include species)
CBCMS060-10	Pacific Salmon	Wild, fillets, frozen	u	u	25.08	Oncorhynchus gorbuscha	100.0	×	Yes (must include species)
CBCMS061-10	Halibut	Fillets, fresh	u (Pacific)	u	28.60	Hippoglossus stenolepis	100.0	×	No
CBCMS062-10	Steelhead Salmon	Fillet, fresh	u	u	22.02	Oncorhynchus mykiss	100.0	×	No
CBCMS063-10	Sea Bass	Fillet, fresh	Chile	u	44.10	Dissostichus eleginoides	100.0	×	Yes (Patagonian Toothfish)
CBCMS064-10	Orange Roughy	Fillet, frozen	u	u	28.64	Hoplostethus atlanticus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS065-10	Salmon	Farmed, organic, fillet, fresh	Ireland	u	26.43	Salmo salar	99.7	×	No
CBCMS066-10	Halibut	Wild, fillet, fresh	USA	u	26.43	Hippoglossus stenolepis	100.0	×	No
CBCMS067-10	Pacific Salmon	Wild, fillets, frozen	u	China	u	Oncorhynchus gorbuscha	100.0	×	Yes (must include species)
CBCMS068-10	Steelhead Trout	Cold smoked, frozen	u	u	u	Oncorhynchus mykiss	100.0	×	No
CBCMS069-10	Yellowfin Tuna	Wild caught, steaks, frozen	u	Vietnam	u	Thunnus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CBCMS070-10	Basa	Fillets, frozen	u	u	8.80	Pangasianodon hypophthalmus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS071-10	Sockeye Salmon	Wild, smoked, frozen	USA (Alaska, Pacific)	Canada	70.47	Oncorhynchus nerka	100.0	×	No
CBCMS072-10	Pacific Salmon	Wild, frozen	USA (Alaska)	China	11.01	Oncorhynchus gorbuscha	99.9	×	Yes (must include species)
CBCMS073-10	Halibut	Wild, fresh	Canada (Atlantic)	u	44.07	Hippoglossus stenolepis	100.0	×	No
CBCMS074-10	Monkfish	Wild, fresh	USA/Canada	u	28.64	Lophius americanus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS075-10	Arctic Char	Farmed, fresh	Iceland	u	33.05	Salvelinus alpinus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS076-10	Snapper	Wild, j-cut, fresh	USA	u	19.82	Sebastes flavidus	100.0	×	Yes (Pacific Snapper)
CBCMS077-10	Turbot	Wild, fillet, fresh	USA (Boston)	u	22.02	Reinhardtius hippoglossoides	100.0	×	No
CBCMS078-10	Pacific Salmon	Wild, frozen	u	China	15.71	Oncorhynchus gorbuscha	100.0	×	Yes (must include species)
CBCMS079-10	Basa	Fillet, frozen	u	Vietnam	16.23	Pangasianodon hypophthalmus	99.9	×	No
CBCMS080-10	Albacore Tuna	Wild, frozen	u (Pacific)	Canada	28.57	Thunnus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CBCMS081-10	Halibut	Wild, fillets, fresh	USA (Pacific)	u	44.07	Hippoglossus stenolepis	99.9	×	No
CBCMS082-10	Arctic Char	Fillets, fresh, farmed	Iceland	u	33.05	Salvelinus alpinus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS083-10	Monkfish	Wild, fillet, fresh	USA/Canada	u	28.64	Lophius americanus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS084-10	Ocean Perch	Fresh	Canada (Atlantic)	u	19.81	Sebastes sp. (five species)^†	100.0		No
CBCMS085-10	Pickerel	Wild, fillets, fresh	USA/Canada	u	28.64	Sander vitreus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS086-10	Snapper	Wild, j-cut, fillet, fresh	USA	u	19.82	Sebastes entomelas	99.8	×	Yes (Widow Rockfish)
CBCMS087-10	Halibut	Wild, frozen	u (Pacific)	u	42.86	Hippoglossus stenolepis	99.7	×	No
CBCMS088-10	Coho Salmon	Wild, fresh	Canada (BC)	u	26.60	Salmo salar	100.0	×	Yes (Atlantic Salmon, or salmon)
CBCMS089-10	Sole	Fresh, fillet, fresh	u	u	22.02	Microstomus pacificus	99.9	×	No
CBCMS090-10	Halibut	Fresh	Chile	u	37.46	Hippoglossus stenolepis	100.0	×	No
CBCMS091-10	Red Spring Salmon	Wild, fresh	BC	u	28.60	Salmo salar	100.0	×	Yes (Atlantic Salmon, or salmon)
CBCMS163-10	Ocean Perch	Fillets, fresh	u	u	17.61	Sebastes sp. (five species)^†	100.0		No
Vancouver fillets
CBCMS001-10	Basa	Fillet, frozen	Vietnam	u	17.90	Pangasianodon hypophthalmus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS002-10	Red Snapper	Fresh	Canada	u	23.90	Sebastes entomelas	99.8	×	Yes (Widow Rockfish)
CBCMS003-10	Halibut	Frozen	Canada	u	43.90	Hippoglossus stenolepis	99.9	×	No
CBCMS004-10	Salmon	Wild, frozen	Canada	u	32.90	Oncorhynchus nerka	100.0	×	Yes (must include species)
CBCMS005-10	Sole	Fillet, fresh	Canada	u	23.90	Microstomus pacificus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS006-10	Basa	Frozen	Vietnam	u	17.90	Pangasianodon hypophthalmus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS007-10	Atlantic Salmon	Fresh	Canada (Atlantic)	u	32.90	Salmo salar	99.9	×	No
CBCMS008-10	Tuna Ahi	Fresh	u	u	64.90	Thunnus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CBCMS009-10	Halibut	Frozen	Pacific	u	49.90	Hippoglossus stenolepis	99.9	×	No
CBCMS010-10	Sockeye	Wild, frozen	Pacific	u	32.90	Oncorhynchus nerka	100.0	×	No
CBCMS011-10	Red Snapper	Fresh	Canada	u	23.90	Sebastes flavidus	100.0	×	Yes (Pacific Snapper)
CBCMS012-10	Atlantic Salmon	Fresh	Canada (Atlantic)	u	32.90	Salmo salar	100.0	×	No
CBCMS013-10	Basa	Fillet, frozen	Vietnam	u	17.90	Pangasianodon hypophthalmus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS014-10	Barramundi	Frozen	Australia	USA	29.38	Lates calcarifer	100.0	×	No
CBCMS015-10	Capensis	Wild, frozen	u	u	11.75	Merluccius capensis	100.0	×	No
CBCMS016-10	Halibut	Frozen	u	u	33.90	Hippoglossus stenolepis	99.7	×	No
CBCMS017-10	Mackerel	Smoked, fresh	Canada	u	29.90	Scomber scombrus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS018-10	Black Cod	Wild, frozen	Canada	u	46.39	Anoplopoma fimbria	99.9	×	No
CBCMS019-10	Mahi-Mahi	Frozen	u	u	25.00	Coryphaena hippurus	99.9	×	No
CBCMS020-10	Rainbow Trout	Fresh	Canada	u	16.90	Oncorhynchus mykiss	100.0	×	No
CBCMS021-10	Red Snapper	Fresh	Pacific	u	17.90	Sebastes alutus	100.0	×	Yes
CBCMS022-10	Sockeye Salmon	Wild, frozen	USA (Alaska)	u	19.90	Oncorhynchus nerka	100.0	×	No
CBCMS023-10	Albacore Tuna	Wild, frozen	u	u	28.57	Thunnus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CBCMS024-10	Atlantic Salmon	Fresh, farmed	u (Atlantic)	u	18.90	Salmo salar	100.0	×	No
CBCMS025-10	Sockeye Salmon	Frozen	USA (Alaska)	u	19.90	Oncorhynchus nerka	100.0	×	No
CBCMS026-10	Red Snapper	Fresh	u (Pacific)	u	17.90	Sebastes alutus	100.0	×	Yes (four other names)^‡
CBCMS027-10	Halibut	Frozen	USA (Alaska)	u	31.90	Hippoglossus stenolepis	100.0	×	No
CBCMS028-10	Sole	Fillet, fresh	u (Pacific)	u	18.90	Microstomus pacificus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS029-10	Red Snapper	Fresh	u	u	16.90	Sebastes flavidus	100.0	×	Yes (Pacific Snapper)
CBCMS030-10	Cat Fish	Fresh	u	u	25.90	Ictalurus punctatus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS031-10	Halibut	Frozen	u	u	33.90	Hippoglossus stenolepis	100.0	×	No
CBCMS032-10	True Cod	Fresh	u	u	28.90	Gadus macrocephalus	99.9	×	No
CBCMS033-10	Sockeye Salmon	Wild, frozen	u	u	22.90	Oncorhynchus nerka	100.0	×	No
CBCMS034-10	Steelhead Trout	Fresh	Chile	u	22.00	Oncorhynchus mykiss	100.0	×	No
CBCMS035-10	Basa	Fillets, frozen	Vietnam	u	10.30	Pangasianodon hypophthalmus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS036-10	Mako Shark	Fresh	USA (Florida)/Cuba	u	29.00	Isurus oxyrinchus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS037-10	Sword Fish	Fresh	USA (Florida)/Cuba	u	38.90	Xiphias gladius	100.0	×	No
CBCMS038-10	Blue Marlin	Fresh	USA (Florida)/Cuba	u	38.92	Makaira nigricans	100.0	×	No
CBCMS039-10	Arctic Char	Fresh	USA (Alaska)	u	39.00	Salvelinus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CBCMS040-10	Halibut	Fillet, frozen	(Pacific)	u	33.90	Hippoglossus stenolepis	100.0	×	No
CBCMS041-10	Red Snapper	Fresh	u	u	16.90	Sebastes flavidus	100.0	×	Yes (Pacific Snapper)
CBCMS042-10	Sockeye Salmon	Wild, fillet, frozen	(Pacific)	u	22.90	Oncorhynchus nerka	100.0	×	No
CBCMS043-10	Cod	Fillet, counter, fresh	(Pacific)	u	20.90	Gadus macrocephalus	100.0	×	No
Quebec, fillets
CBCMS092-10	Sole	Fillets, fresh	u (Pacific)	u	16.51	Microstomus pacificus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS094-10	Tuna	Loins, regular, fresh	u	u	39.66	Thunnus sp.	100.0		No
CBCMS095-10	Blue Marlin	Steaks, fresh	u	u	25.33	Makaira nigricans	100.0	×	No
CBCMS096-10	Sockeye Salmon	Smoked, fresh	u	u	59.00	Oncorhynchus nerka	100.0	×	No
CBCMS097-10	Halibut	Steaks, frozen	u (Pacific)	u	35.25	Hippoglossus hippoglossus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS098-10	Tuna	Loin, steaks, grade 1, fresh	u	u	39.66	Thunnus sp.	100.0		No
CBCMS099-10	Pickerel	Boned, fillets, fresh	u	u	30.84	Sander vitreus	99.9	×	No
CBCMS100-10	Cod	Skinless, boneless, fillets, frozen	u	China	14.98	Gadus macrocephalus	99.9	×	No
CBCMS101-10	Sockeye Salmon	Wild, smoked, frozen	u (Pacific)	u	70.47	Oncorhynchus nerka	100.0	×	No
CBCMS102-10	Coho Salmon	Wild, smoked, frozen	u (Pacific)	u	74.90	Oncorhynchus kisutch	100.0	×	No
CBCMS103-10	Sockeye Salmon	Wild, smoked, frozen	u (Pacific)	u	94.00	Oncorhynchus nerka	100.0	×	No
CBCMS104-10	Pacific Salmon	Portions, frozen	u	China	9.98	Oncorhynchus keta	100.0	×	Yes (must include species)
CBCMS105-10	Yellowfin Tuna	Steaks, frozen	u	Vietnam	15.40	Thunnus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CBCMS106-10	Albacore Tuna	Wild, smoked, frozen	u	u	71.25	Thunnus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CBCMS107-10	Halibut	Wild, smoked, frozen	USA (Alaska)	u	89.11	Hippoglossus stenolepis	99.9	×	No
CBCMS108-10	Atlantic Cod	Fillets, fresh	u	u	15.41	Gadus chalcogrammus	99.9	×	Yes (pollock)
CBCMS109-10	Atlantic Salmon	Fresh	u	u	28.50	Salmo salar	100.0	×	No
CBCMS110-10	Pacific Salmon	Frozen	u	China	12.50	Oncorhynchus keta	99.5	×	Yes (must include species)
CBCMS111-10	Cod	Fillets, frozen	u	China	14.69	Gadus macrocephalus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS112-10	Pacific Salmon	Wild, frozen	u	China	14.96	Oncorhynchus gorbuscha	100.0	×	Yes (must include species)
CBCMS113-10	Sockeye Salmon	Wild, smoked, frozen	u	China	87.72	Oncorhynchus nerka	100.0	×	No
CBCMS114-10	Atlantic Salmon	Boneless, fresh	u	u	17.61	Salmo salar	100.0	×	No
CBCMS115-10	Tilapia	Boneless, fillets, fresh	u	u	18.72	Oreochromis niloticus	100.0	×	No
Gatineau, fillets
CBCMS116-10	Chilean Sea Bass	Frozen	u	Chile	44.07	Dissostichus eleginoides	100.0	×	Yes (Patagonian Toothfish)
CBCMS117-10	Tuna	Loin, regular, fresh	u	u	39.66	Thunnus sp.	99.9		No
CBCMS118-10	Orange Ruffy	Fillets, frozen	u	u	27.99	Hoplostethus atlanticus	99.8	×	No (Orange Roughy—common misspelling)
CBCMS120-10	Pickerel	Wild, fresh	Canada	u	28.64	Sander vitreus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS121-10	Cod	Large fillets, fresh	u	u	20.92	Melanogrammus aeglefinus	100.0	×	Yes (haddock)
CBCMS122-10	Yellowfin Tuna	Smoked, frozen	u	Canada	64.21	Thunnus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CBCMS124-10	Tuna	Steak, fresh	u	u	44.06	Thunnus sp.	100.0		No
CBCMS125-10	Pacific Salmon	Wild, frozen	u	China	19.90	Oncorhynchus keta	100.0	×	Yes (must include species)
Montreal, fillets
CBCMS126-10	Atlantic Salmon	Frozen	Chile	Chile	17.61	Salmo salar	99.7	×	No
CBCMS128-10	Tuna	Loin, regular, fresh	u	u	39.66	Thunnus sp.	100.0		No
CBCMS129-10	Salmon	Meat, frozen	u	u	10.50	Salmo salar	100.0	×	No
CBCMS130-10	Blue Marlin	Steaks, fresh	u	u	25.33	Makaira nigricans	100.0	×	No
CBCMS131-10	Chilean Sea Bass	Fresh	u	u	55.09	Dissostichus eleginoides	100.0	×	Yes (Patagonian Toothfish)
CBCMS132-10	Tuna	Loin, regular, fresh	u	u	39.66	Thunnus sp.	100.0		No
CBCMS134-10	Arctic Char	Fillets, fresh	u	u	33.05	Salvelinus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CBCMS135-10	Blue Marlin	Steaks, fresh	u	u	24.23	Makaira nigricans	100.0	×	No
CBCMS136-10	Pacific Snapper	Fillets, fresh	u	u	17.61	Sebastes flavidus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS137-10	Cod	Fillets, fresh	u	u	20.92	Melanogrammus aeglefinus	100.0	×	Yes (haddock)
CBCMS138-10	Tuna	Loin, sashimi grade, fresh	u	u	55.09	Thunnus sp.	100.0		No
CBCMS139-10	Blue Marlin	Steaks, fresh	u	u	24.23	Makaira nigricans	100.0	×	No
CBCMS140-10	Pacific Snapper	Fillets, fresh	u	u	17.61	Sebastes flavidus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS141-10	Blue Marlin	Steaks, fresh	u	u	24.23	Makaira nigricans	100.0	×	No
CBCMS142-10	Cod	Fillets, fresh	u	u	20.92	Melanogrammus aeglefinus	100.0	×	Yes (haddock)
CBCMS143-10	Pacific Snapper	Fillets, fresh	u	u	16.51	Sebastes entomelas	99.8	×	Yes (Widow Rockfish)
CBCMS144-10	Tuna	Loin, sashimi grade, fresh	u	u	55.09	Thunnus sp.	100.0		No
CBCMS145-10	Atlantic Salmon	Fillets, fresh	u	u	35.25	Salmo salar	100.0	×	No
CBCMS146-10	Tuna	Steak, fresh	u	u	44.06	Thunnus sp.	100.0		No
CBCMS147-10	Sole	Fillets, fresh	u (Pacific)	u	17.61	Microstomus pacificus	100.0	×	No
CBCMS148-10	Alaskan Halibut	Wild, smoked, frozen	USA (Alaska)	u	89.11	Hippoglossus stenolepis	100.0	×	No
CBCMS149-10	Tuna	Steak, fresh	u	u	44.06	Thunnus sp.	100.0		No
CBCMS150-10	Blue Marlin	Loin, fresh	u	u	28.64	Makaira nigricans	100.0	×	No
CBCMS151-10	Steelhead Salmon	Smoked, frozen	u	Norway	57.38	Oncorhynchus kisutch	100.0	×	Yes (Coho Salmon)
CBCMS153-10	Chilean Sea Bass	Fresh	u	Chile	48.48	Dissostichus eleginoides	100.0	×	Yes (Patagonian Toothfish)
CBCMS154-10	Black Cod	Fresh	u	u	48.47	Anoplopoma fimbria	100.0	×	No
CBCMS155-10	Arctic Char	Fillets, fresh	u	u	33.05	Salvelinus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CBCMS156-10	Blue Marlin	Fresh	u	u	24.22	Makaira nigricans	99.9	×	No
CBCMS157-10	Pacific Halibut	Steaks, fresh	u	u	37.46	Hippoglossus hippoglossus	99.9	×	Yes (Atlantic Halibut, or Halibut)
CBCMS158-10	Pacific Salmon	Wild, frozen	u	u	8.79	Oncorhynchus keta	100.0	×	Yes (must include species)
CBCMS159-10	Yellowfin Tuna	Fresh	u	u	61.62	Thunnus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CBCMS160-10	Atlantic Halibut	Steak, fresh	u	u	48.39	Hippoglossus hippoglossus	99.8	×	No
CBCMS161-10	Pacific Salmon	Wild, fresh	u	u	26.00	Salmo salar	100.0	×	Yes (Atlantic Salmon, or Salmon)
CBCMS162-10	Tuna	Regular, fresh	u	u	55.00	Thunnus sp.	100.0		No
Vancouver takeout, sushi
LPVMS01-09	Cod	Deep fried	u	u	u	Gadus macrocephalus	100.0	×	No
LPVMS02-09	Halibut	Deep fried	u	u	u	Hippoglossus stenolepis	100.0	×	No
LPVMS03-09	Cod	u	u	u	u	Gadus chalcogrammus	100.0	×	Yes (Pollock)
LPVMS04-09	Halibut	u	u	u	u	Hippoglossus stenolepis	99.7	×	No
LPVMS05-09	White Tuna	u	u	u	u	Thunnus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
LPVMS06-09	Sockeye Salmon	Wild	u	u	u	Oncorhynchus nerka	100.0	×	No
LPVMS07-09	Snow Crab	u	u	u	u	Chionoecetes opilio	99.7	×	No
LPVMS08-09	Yellowfin Tuna	u	u	u	u	Seriola quinqueradiata	100.0	×	Yes (Japanese Amberjack)
LPVMS09-09	Red Snapper	Fillet	u	u	19.80	Sebastes ruberrimus	100.0	×	No
LPVMS10-09	Rock Cod	Fillet	u	u	15.40	Sebastes alutus	100.0	×	Yes (Rockfish)
LPVMS13-09	Red Snapper	Deep fried	u	u	u	Sebastes sp.	99.8		Unresolved
LPVMS14-09	Cod	Deep fried	u	u	u	Micromesistius australis	100.0	×	Yes (Blue Cod)
LPVMS15-09	Sockeye	Wild, Sushi	u	u	u	Oncorhynchus nerka	100.0	×	No
LPVMS16-09	Halibut	Sushi	u	u	u	Paralichthys olivaceus	99.8	×	Yes (not on CFIA list; is Bastard Halibut)
LPVMS19-09	Fish	Fillet, Sandwich	u	u	u	Gadus chalcogrammus	100.0	×	Yes (pollock)
LPVMS20-09	Red Snapper	Fillet, fresh	u	u	19.80	Sebastes babcocki	100.0	×	Yes (Pacific Snapper)
LPVMS21-09	Cod	Fillet, previously frozen	u	u	24.21	Gadus macrocephalus	100.0	×	No
LPVMS22-09	Cod	Deep fried	u	u	u	Gadus macrocephalus	100.0	×	No
LPVMS27-09	Halibut	Deep fried	u	u	u	Hippoglossus stenolepis	100.0	×	No
LPVMS28-09	Cod	Deep fried	u	u	u	Pangasianodon hypophthalmus	100.0	×	Yes (basa)
LPVMS29-09	Cod	BC roll	u	u	u	Merluccius productus	100.0	×	Yes (Whiting, or Hake)
Montreal, sushi
CTVM001-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis niloticus	100.0		Yes (tilapia)
CTVM002-09	Tuna	u	u	u	u	Thunnus obesus	100.0	×	No
CTVM003-09	Salmon	u	u	u	u	Oncorhynchus mykiss	100.0	×	Yes (Steelhead Salmon)
CTVM004-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis niloticus	100.0	×	Yes (tilapia)
CTVM005-09	White Tuna	u	u	u	u	Thunnus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CTVM006-09	Salmon	u	u	u	u	Salmo salar	100.0	×	No
CTVM007-09	Cuttlefish	u	u	u	u	Mallotus villosus	100.0	×	Yes (caplin)
CTVM008-09	Yellowtail	u	u	u	u	Seriola quinqueradiata	100.0	×	Yes (Japanese Amberjack)
CTVM009-09	Flying Fish Roe	u	u	u	u	Mallotus villosus	100.0	×	Yes (caplin)
CTVM010-09	Red Tuna	u	u	u	u	Thunnus obesus	100.0	×	Yes (tuna)
CTVM011-09	Capelin Roe	u	u	u	u	Mallotus villosus	100.0	×	No
CTVM012-09	Salmon	u	u	u	u	Salmo salar	100.0	×	No
CTVM013-09	White Tuna	u	u	u	u	Thunnus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CTVM014-09	Eel	u	u	u	u	Anguilla japonica	99.8	×	No
CTVM015-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis niloticus	99.8	×	Yes (tilapia)
CTVM016-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis niloticus	100.0	×	Yes (tilapia)
CTVM017-09	Mackerel	u	u	u	u	Scomber scombrus	100.0	×	No
CTVM018-09	Yellowtail	u	u	u	u	Seriola lalandi	100.0	×	Yes (Yellowtail Amberjack)
CTVM019-09	Red Tuna	u	u	u	u	Thunnus obesus	100.0	×	Yes (tuna)
CTVM020-09	Salmon	u	u	u	u	Salmo salar	100.0	×	No
CTVM021-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis niloticus	100.0	×	Yes (tilapia)
CTVM022-09	Red Tuna	u	u	u	u	Thunnus obesus	100.0	×	Yes (tuna)
CTVM023-09	White Tuna	u	u	u	u	Thunnus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CTVM024-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis aureus	99.7	×	Yes (Blue Tilapia)
CTVM025-09	Striped Bass	u	u	u	u	Morone chrysops	100.0	×	Yes (White Bass)
CTVM026-09	Yellowtail	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis niloticus	100.0	×	Yes (tilapia)
CTVM027-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Seriola quinqueradiata	100.0	×	Yes (Japanese Amberjack)
CTVM028-09	Eel	u	u	u	u	Anguilla japonica	99.5	×	No
CTVM029-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis mossambicus	100.0	×	Yes (Mozambique Tilapia)
CTVM030-09	Yellowtail	u	u	u	u	Seriola quinqueradiata	100.0	×	Yes (Japanese Amberjack)
CTVM031-09	Yellowtail	u	u	u	u	Seriola quinqueradiata	100.0	×	Yes (Japanese Amberjack)
CTVM032-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis niloticus	100.0	×	Yes (tilapia)
CTVM033-09	Red Tuna	u	u	u	u	Thunnus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CTVM034-09	White Tuna	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis mossambicus	100.0	×	Yes (Mozambique Tilapia)
CTVM035-09	Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis niloticus	100.0	×	Yes (tilapia)
CTVM037-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis urolepis hornorum	100.0	×	Yes (Wami Tilapia)
CTVM038-09	Salmon	u	u	u	u	Salmo salar	100.0	×	No
CTVM039-09	Red Tuna	u	u	u	u	Thunnus obesus	100.0	×	Yes (tuna)
CTVM040-09	Yellowfin Tuna	u	u	u	u	Thunnus sp.	100.0		Unresolved
CTVM041-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis aureus	99.7	×	Yes (tilapia)
CTVM042-09	Cobia	u	u	u	u	Rachycentron canadum	100.0	×	No
CTVM043-09	Flying Fish (caviar)	u	u	u	u	Hirundichthys oxycephalus	99.3	×	Yes (not on CFIA list; is Bony Flying Fish)
CTVM044-09	Whitefish	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis niloticus	100.0	×	Yes (tilapia)
CTVM045-09	Mackerel	u	u	u	u	Scomber scombrus	99.5	×	No
CTVM046-09	Flying Fish Roe	u	u	u	u	Mallotus villosus	100.0	×	Yes (caplin)
CTVM047-09	Red Tuna	u	u	u	u	Thunnus obesus	100.0	×	Yes (tuna)
CTVM048-09	Eel	u	u	u	u	Anguilla japonica	99.8	×	No
CTVM049-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis mossambicus	100.0	×	Yes (Mozambique Tilapia)
Toronto, sushi
SSTSS001-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	No species match, genus Oreochromis			Yes (does not match any Red Snapper)
SSTSS002-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	No species match			Yes (does not match any Red Snapper)
SSTSS003-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis niloticus	99.9	×	Yes (tilapia)
SSTSS004-09	Snapper	u	u	u	u	No species match, genus Oreochromis			Yes (does not match any Snapper)
SSTSS005-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis aureus	100.0	×	Yes (tilapia)
SSTSS006-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	No species match			Yes (does not match any Red Snapper)
SSTSS007-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis niloticus	100.0	×	Yes (tilapia)
SSTSS008-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	No species match, genus Oreochromis			Yes (does not match any Red Snapper)
SSTSS009-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis niloticus	100.0	×	Yes (tilapia)
SSTSS010-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	Pagrus major	100.0	×	Yes (Silver, Japanese Seabream)
SSTSS011-09	Japanese Seabream	u	u	u	u	Oreochromis niloticus	100.0	×	Yes (tilapia)
SSTSS012-09	Red Snapper	u	u	u	u	No species match, genus Oreochromis			Yes (does not match any Red Snapper)

* u, unknown

^† Sebastes sp. (fasciatus, marinus, mentella, norvegicus, viviparus)

^‡ Rose Perch, Rock Perch, Redfish, or Pacific Ocean Perch.

Table II.  PCR and sequencing primers used in the present study.

Name	Cocktail name/5′–3′ sequence	Reference
	M13-tailed primers
	Fish: C_FishF1t1—C_FishR1t1 (ratio 1:1:1:1)	Ivanova et al. (2007)
VF2_t1	TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTCAACCAACCACAAAGACATTGGCAC
FishF2_t1	TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTCGACTAATCATAAAGATATCGGCAC
FishR2_t1	CAGGAAACAGCTATGACACTTCAGGGTGACCGAAGAATCAGAA
FR1d_t1	CAGGAAACAGCTATGACACCTCAGGGTGTCCGAARAAYCARAA
	Mammal: C_VF1LFt1—C_VR1LRt1 (ratio 1:1:1:3:1:1:1:3)	Ivanova et al. (2007)
LepF1_t1	TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATTCAACCAATCATAAAGATATTGG
VF1_t1	TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTTCTCAACCAACCACAAAGACATTGG
VF1d_t1	TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTTCTCAACCAACCACAARGAYATYGG
VF1i_t1	TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTTCTCAACCAACCAIAAIGAIATIGG
LepR1_t1	CAGGAAACAGCTATGACTAAACTTCTGGATGTCCAAAAAATCA
VR1d_t1	CAGGAAACAGCTATGACTAGACTTCTGGGTGGCCRAARAAYCA
VR1_t1	CAGGAAACAGCTATGACTAGACTTCTGGGTGGCCAAAGAATCA
VR1i_t1	CAGGAAACAGCTATGACTAGACTTCTGGGTGICCIAAIAAICA
	Sequencing primers for M13-tailed PCR products
M13F	TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGT	Messing (1983)
M13R	CAGGAAACAGCTATGAC	Messing (1983)

Table III.  Summary results for 236 seafood samples barcoded (out of 254 samples submitted) from across Canada.

City	Samples (n), kind	Multiple matches	Barcode ID, n (%)	Mislabeled, n (%)^*
Toronto	47, fillets	7	40 (85.1)	12 (28.0)
Vancouver	43, fillets	3	40 (93.0)	7 (17.5)
Quebec	23, fillets	4	19 (82.6)	4 (19.0)
Gatineau	8, fillets	3	5 (62.5)	3 (42.9)
Montreal	34, fillets	10	24 (70.6)	10 (32.3)
Vancouver	21, takeout, sushi	2	19 (90.5)	9 (47.4)
Montreal	48, sushi	6	42 (87.5)	31 (72.1)
Toronto	12, sushi	0^†	6 (50.0)	12 (100.0)
All	236	35	195 (82.6)	88 (41.1)

* In relation to number of samples with barcode (also if multiple matches are clearly different)

^† Six samples could not be assigned to a species using the BOLD species ID engine, although four of the six were close matches to various tilapia species in the genus Oreochromis and mislabeled.

Ivanova NV, Zemlak TS, Hanner R, Hebert PDN. 2007. Universal primer cocktails for fish DNA barcoding. Mol Ecol Notes. 7:544–548.

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Messing J. 1983. New M13 vectors for cloning. Methods Enzymol. 101:20–78.

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