Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on α-synuclein aggregation and the ubiquitin-proteasome system in dopaminergic neurons

Figures & data

Figure 1. TEM image of TiO₂-NPs.

Table I. Average aggregation size and zeta potential in a solution of TiO₂–NPs.

Particle	DLS average diameter (nm)	Zeta potential (mv)
TiO2 -NPs	327, in 10% FBS + DMEM	− 11.2

Figure 2. The result of western blotting, showing the effect of TiO₂-NPs on α-Syn expression in PC12 cells.

Figure 3. The result of western blotting, showing the α-Syn expression in PC12 cells after treatment with TiO₂-NPs and NAC.

Table II. The result of western blotting, showing the effect of TiO₂-NPs on α-Syn in PC12 cells (grey value, %).

Control	50 μg/ml	100 μg/ml	200 μg/ml
100	171.6 ± 8.5*	209.0 ± 12.3*	272.3 ± 8.1*

n = 3, *p < 0.05 vs control.

Figure 4. The result of immunofluorescent staining, showing the effect of TiO₂-NPs on α-Syn aggregation in PC12 cells.

Figure 5. The result of western blotting, showing the expression of parkin and UCH-L1 after treatment with TiO₂-NPs.

Table III. Parkin and UCH-L1 expression levels after TiO₂-NPs treatment in PC12 cells (grey value, %).

	Control	50 μg/ml	100 μg/ml	200 μg/ml
Parkin	100	90.0 ± 8.7	64.6 ± 5.5*	38.6 ± 4.0*
UCH-L1	100	72.0 ± 7.0*	52.0 ± 5.5*	33,0 ± 5.3*

n = 3, *p < 0.05 vs control.