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ABSTRACT
This article examines how key archival terms and concepts included in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) have been translated into Italian, Slovenian, Finnish, and Icelandic languages. The study identifies a number of translation issues in each language, and reflects on the reasons for such mistakes and their impact on the archival practices affected. Mistranslations appear to be related to insufficient investigations of specific, local uses of archival terminology on the part of the translators, lack of involvement of archival professionals in the process of translation, and problems with the interpretation of the legal system and the archival traditions involved.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1. European Union, Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, and Repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (Text with EEA relevance), Official Journal of the European Union, L119, 4.5.2016 (2016), pp. 1–88. Available in 24 languages at <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj>, accessed 30 June 2020.
2. Lisa Evans, ‘Language, translation and accounting: towards a critical research agenda’, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, vol. 31, no. 7, 2018, pp. 1844–1873. English as a lingua franca (ELF) involves many variations of the English language used by non-native speakers to communicate in multilingual contexts. ‘ELF benefits from functional flexibility and from its wide geographic spread’ (Evans, p. 1847), and there are studies showing that ELF affects cognitive processes.
3. International Organisation for Standardisation, ‘ISO 15489–1:2016: Information and Documentation – Records Management: Part 1: General’, 2nd ed., ISO, Geneva, 2016.
4. Giulia Barrera’s acknowledgements: Doing research in times Coronavirus lockdown, I had to rely more than ever on the help of archivists, librarians and friends. I wish to warmly thank Alexandra Devantier (Archives of the European Parliament), Iolanda Mombelli and Carlos Van Lerberghe (Central Archives of the Council of the European Union) and Sylvia Pérez (Historical Archives of the European Commission) who searched for me the EU archives, in order to reconstruct the drafting history of Directive 95/46/EC. Warm thanks for their help also to Cristina Ivaldi and her colleagues of the Biblioteca centrale giuridica (Rome) and to Geneviève Kivits (Bibliothèque du Parlement fédéral, Brussels). I am very grateful to Giovanni Michetti for finding for me references to ‘filing system’ in ISO standards and for discussing with me the topic of this paper. Many thanks for their help also to Annalisa Bucalossi, Roberta Pergher and Marina Caporale.
5. Regulation No 1 determining the languages to be used by the European Economic Community (1958); EU Charter of fundamental rights, art. 22; Treaty on European Union, art. 55, and Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, art. 20 and 24.
6. For a short description of the EU legislative procedure, see <https://europa.eu/european-union/law_en>, accessed 25 March 2020.
7. Aleksandra Cavoski, ‘Interaction of law and language in the EU: Challenges of translating in Multilingual Environment’, Jostrans, no. 27, 2017, p. 58.
8. ibid., p. 59.
9. European Commission, Directorate General for Translation, Study on Lawmaking in the EU Multilingual Environment, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2010, p. 74.
10. ibid., pp. 72–3.
11. Manuela Guggeis, ‘I giuristi linguisti e le sfide per garantire concordanza, qualità redazionale e corretta terminologia giuridica nei testi normativi dell’Unione Europea’ [‘Lawyer-linguists and the challenges of ensuring consistency, editorial quality and correct legal terminology in the normative texts of the European Union’], in Il linguaggio giuridico nell’Europa delle pluralità. Lingua italiana e percorsi di produzione e circolazione del diritto dell’Unione europea. Atti della Giornata di Studio [Legal language in a Europe of pluralities. Italian language and production and circulation paths of European Union jurisprudence. Seminar Proceedings], Roma, Senato della Repubblica, 2017, pp. 49–66. Irene Otero Fernández, ‘Multilingualism and the Meaning of EU Law’, European University Institute Department of Law, PhD dissertation, 2020, pp. 42–4.
12. Freddy Drexler, ‘La qualità del diritto alla prova del multilinguismo come fattore di complessità della procedura legislativa’ [‘The quality of the law and the challenge of multilingualism as a complicating factor in legal procedures’], Il linguaggio giuridico [Legal language], p. 49.
13. Amanda C Murphy, ‘Mediated Language in Non-native Speaker Texts from the European Commission,’ in Christopher Taylor (ed.), Ecolingua. The Role of E-corpora in Translation and Language Learning, EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, Trieste, pp. 173–84.
14. Jeremy Gardner, ‘Misused English words and expressions in EU publications’, European Court of Auditors, 2016 p. 3.
15. Domenico Cosmai, ‘Il linguaggio delle istituzioni comunitarie tra creazione terminologica e resa traduttiva’ [‘The language of EU institutions between terminological innovation and translation performance’], Rivista internazionale di tecnica della traduzione/International Journal of Translation, no. 5, 2000, p. 2.
16. Michael Skapinker, ‘Brussels dialect is a gift to the EU’s foes’, in Financial Times, 21 May 2014.
17. Directorate General for Translation, ‘Quantifying quality costs and the cost of poor quality in translation’, in Quality efforts and the consequences of poor quality in the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Translation, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2012, pp. 36–8.
18. CJEU, judgement in the case C-207/15 Ρ, Nissan Jidosha KK v EUIPO, 22 June 2016, paragraph 43. See also CJEU, judgement in the case C-294/16 PPU, JZ v Prokuratura Rejonowa Łódź, 28 July 2016, paragraph 38 and the case law cited in such paragraph.
19. Otero Fernández, p. 188.
20. CJEU, Case C-338/95 Wiener S.I. GmbH v Hauptzollamt Emmerich, Opinion of Mr Advocate General Jacobs delivered on 10 July 1997, cited in Otero Fernández, p 154. See also CJEU, judgement in the case C-207/15 P, paragraph 43.
21. In EU laws, ‘the “recitals” are the part of the act which contains the statement of reasons for its adoption.’ Joint Practical Guide of the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission for persons involved in the drafting of European Union legislation, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2015.
22. See for example the translation of ‘record’ in ISAD(G) seconda edizione [second edition], in Rassegna degli archivi di Stato, anno LXIII – n. 1, gen.-apr. 2003, p. 81.
23. ISAAR (CPF) Standard internazionale per i record d’autorità archivistici di enti, persone, famiglie. Traduzione italiana di ISAAR (CPF) International Standard Archival Autorithy Records for Corporate Bodies, Persons and Families, Seconda edizione, Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali, Direzione generale per gli archivi, Firenze 2004.
24. Karolina Stefaniak, ‘Terminology work in the European Commission: Ensuring high-quality translation in a multilingual environment’, in Tomáš Svoboda, Łucja Biel and Krzysztof Łoboda (eds), Quality aspects in institutional translation, Language Science Press, Berlin, 2017, p. 116.
25. See for example the translation of ‘filing system’ in ISAD(G) seconda edizione [second edition], p. 83.
26. Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. For the different language versions of the Directive, see the data base of EU law EUR-Lex, <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/>, accessed 25 March 2020.
27. Commission des Communautés Européennes, Secrétariat Général, COM (90) 314, Protection des données à caractère personnel et sécurité des systèmes d’information [Personal data protection and information system security]. Communication de M. le President, Mm. Bangemann, Pandolfi, Andriessen et Matute, Bruxelles, le 3 Juillet 1990. Archives Historiques de la Commission, Collection Reliée des Documents ‘COM’, vol. 1990/0123.
28. Otero Fernández, pp. 45–6.
29. Proposal for a Council Directive concerning the protection of individuals in relation to the processing of personal data COM (90) 314 final – SYN 287 (Submitted by the Commission on 27 July 1990), Official Journal of the European Communities, 5 November 1990, art. 2(c).
30. Giacomo Lusardi, ‘La nozione di “archivio” e l’ambito di applicazione materiale della normativa sulla protezione dei dati personali’ [‘The notion of the “archive” and the substantive scope of personal data protection laws’], Il Diritto dell’Informazione e dell’Informatica [Information and Informatics Law], 34 (2018), 4–5, pp. 756–71.
31. ‘Ensemble de fiches ayant trait à un même sujet et classées dans un ordre déterminé’, <https://www.dictionnaire-academie.fr/article/A9F0673>, accessed 25 March 2020.
32. Loi n° 78–17 du 6 Janvier 1978 relative à l’informatique, aux fichiers et aux libertés.
33. ‘Par “fichier”, on entend un ensemble de données à caractère personnel, constitué et conservé suivant une structure logique devant permettre une consultation systématique.’ Loi relative à la protection de la vie privée à l’égard des traîtements de données à caractère personnel, 8 Décembre 1992, art. 1 (1).
34. Opinion of Advocate General Paolo Mengozzi, Case C 25/17, Tietosuojavaltuutettu v. Jehovan todistajat – uskonnollinen yhdyskunta [Data ombudsman vs. Jehova’s wittnesses – a religious community], 1 February 2018, para. no. 55.
35. National Archives of Ireland, ‘Glossary’, <https://www.nationalarchives.ie/services-to-government-and-courts/glossary/#>. For other professional glossaries or general dictionaries that give similar definitions, see: ICA Multilingual Archival Terminology, <http://www.ciscra.org/mat/mat/term/185>; Society of American Archivists, ‘A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology’, sub voce, <https://www2.archivists.org/glossary/terms/f/filing-system>; NARA Records Management Key Terms and Acronyms, <https://www.archives.gov/files/records-mgmt/rm-glossary-of-terms.pdf>; Cambridge Business English Dictionary, <https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/filing-system>; Lexico’s Dictionary & Thesaurus, <https://www.lexico.com/definition/filing_system>. All online resources were accessed on 25 March 2020.
36. Law of 31 December 1996, no. 675, art. 1 (2.a).
37. Giovanni Buttarelli, Banche dati e tutela della riservatezza: la privacy nella società dell’informazione: commento analitico alle leggi 31 dicembre 1996, nn. 675 e 676 in materia di trattamento dei dati personali e alla normativa comunitaria ed internazionale [Databases and confidentiality protection: Privacy in an information society: Analysis of the 31 December 1996 laws n. 675 and 676 on the processing of personal data, and of EU and international laws], Giuffrè, Milano 1997, pp. 45–46, 147–151.
38. Stefaniak, p. 116.
39. iate.europa.eu.
40. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) (1943/1946 – 1991).
41. See A Škoro Babić, ‘A Case Study in Access to the Archival Records of the Military Courts of the Former Yugoslavia’, Emerging Trends in Archival Science, no. 27–50, 2018, pp. 34–5.
42. Slovenian Archival Law: Zakon o varstvu dokumentarnega in arhivskega gradiva ter arhivih [Act on the protection of documentary and archival materials and archives], Official Gazette of Republic of Slovenia, no. 30/06 and 51/14.
43. Article 15 of Slovenian Archival Law.
44. Records preserved in Slovenian libraries are not the subject of the Archival Law but of the Cultural Heritage Protection Act (ZVKD-1) and Librarianship Act.
45. Slovenian Archival Law.
46. Vladimir Žumer, ‘Mednarodni standard ISO 15489 in upravljanje dokumentacije v organih javne uprave, gospodarskih družbah, podjetjih in zavodih v Sloveniji’ [‘International standard ISO 15489 and document management in public administrative bodies, companies, enterprises and institutions in Slovenia’], Tehnični in vsebinski problemi kalsičnega in elektronskega arhiviranja [Technical and substantive problems of classical and electronic archiving], 10 (2011), pp. 113–32, <http://www.pokarh-mb.si/uploaded/datoteke/Radenci/radenci2011/12_zumer_2011.pdf>, accessed 16 July 2020.
47. Since 1918 Slovenia was a part of Yugoslavia, which was actually a joint country of several South-Slavic nations. Archival science developed in Slovenia and in Yugoslavia with more intensity from the Second World War when a ‘new’ country, the Socialistic Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, was established. For more information about the history of archival science in Slovenia, see: Jože Žontar, Arhivska veda v 20. Stoletju [Archival science in the 20th century], Arhiv Republike Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2003.
48. Elsevier’s Lexicon of Archive Terminology: French, English, German, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Amsterdam, 1964.
49. Dictionary of Archival Terminology. Dictionnaire de terminologie archivistique. English and French. With Equivalents in Dutch, German, Italian, Russian and Spanish, K G Saur München, New York, London, Paris, 1984.
50. Kratkij slovar’ arhivnoj terminologiji. Glavnoje upravlenije [A short dictionary of archival terminology. Main management issues], VNIIDAD, Moskva-Leningrad, 1968; Materjali do slovnika terminologij arhivalnej krajov scjalističnih stran [Materials for a dictionary of archival terminologies in socialist places], Arhivum Plskjej Akademji Nauk [Archives of the Polish Academy of Science], Warsaw, 1973.
51. Rječnik arhivske terminologije Jugoslavije [Dictionary of archival terminology of Yugoslavia], Zagreb, 1972.
52. In order to address professional issues in individual areas of archival professional work, the Archival Law in Article 54 determines that the minister responsible for archives shall establish inter-archival working groups for different areas of archival activity.
53. The Slovenian text and the English text of the Slovenian Archival Law can be found on the Slovenian governmental website at: <https://www.gov.si/assets/organi-v-sestavi/Arhiv-RS/Angleska-stran/Zakonodaja/PDAAIA-2014.pdf>, accessed 16 July 2020, with the disclaimer that all of the translations contained on this website are unofficial.
54. Slovenian archivists in articles published in English mostly use the term current records. See J Melik and M Jeraj, ‘Archival Law and Regulation of Preservation of Current and Archival Records’, Atlanti, vol. 25, no. 2, 2015, pp. 121–7. Available at <https://doi.org/10.33700/2670-451X.25.2.121-127(2015)>, accessed 16 July 2020.
55. The Slovenian Archival Law uses the expression ‘entities under public law’ to identify the creators of public archival records. This includes state authorities, self-governing local communities and legal entities under public law and private law, as well as natural persons that are holders of public authority or public service providers. The definition of ‘entities under public law’ is only used for the purpose of determining who the creator of public archival records can be according to the Archival Act.
56. M Košir, ‘Pomen splošne uredbe o varstvu podatkov (GDPR) za arhive’ [‘The importance of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) for archives’], 5th Scientific Research, Study and Educational Symposium: Archives in the Service of People – People in the Service of Archives: Relevance to Research of Archival Science, Maribor, 2020, pp. 60–71.
57. V Žumer, Poslovanje z zapisi [Business records], Ljubljana, 2008.
58. By the time this article was written, this Act had not been adopted yet. The proposed text currently going through public discussion is available at: <https://e-uprava.gov.si/drzava-in-druzba/e-demokracija/predlogi-predpisov/predlog-predpisa.html?id=8701>,accessed 16 July 2020.
59. Susan Šarčević, ‘Challenges to the Legal Translator’, in PM Tiersma and LM Solan (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012, p. 187. Citation from M Bajčić, ‘Pravno prevođenje’ [‘Legal translation’], in A Stojić, M Brala-Vukanović, M Matešić (eds.), Priručnik za prevođenje: prilog teoriji i praksi [Translation manual: A contribution to theory and practice], Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Rijeci, Rijeka, 2014, p. 314.
60. M Bajčić, ‘Pravno prevođenje’ [‘Legal translation’], p. 315.
61. ibid., pp. 327–328.
62. About differences in terminology, see Eljas Orrman, ‘Differences between fundamental archival terms in the Baltic and the Nordic countries’, in Pekka Henttonen (ed.), De archivis. Arkistoista – om arkiv – on archives, Tampereen yliopisto, Tampere, 2019, pp. 347–53.
63. Jari Lybeck, Arkistot yhteiskunnan toimiva muisti. Asiakirjahallinnon ja arkistotoimen oppikirja [Archives – The functioning memory of society. A textbook for records and archives management], Arkistolaitos, Helsinki, 2006, p. 21. Available at <https://arkisto.fi/uploads/Julkaisut/oppaat/asiakirjahallinnon_oppikirja.pdf>, accessed 16 July 2020.
64. European Union, Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston asetus (EU) 2016/679 luonnollisten henkilöiden suojelusta henkilötietojen käsittelyssä sekä näiden tietojen vapaasta liikkuvuudesta ja direktiivin 95/46/ey kumoamisesta (yleinen tietosuoja-asetus) [Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, and Repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)], 2016, article 89.
65. Ingemar Strandvik, ‘Is there scope for a more professional approach to EU multilingual lawmaking?’ Theory & Practice of Legislation, vol. 2, no. 2, 2014, pp. 211–28.
66. Laki julkisen hallinnon tiedonhallinnasta [Act on public sector information management] 906/2019, 2019.
67. Jaana Kilkki, Asiakirjatiedon hallinnan asiantuntijuuden diskursiivinen rakentaminen Suomessa. Tutkimus normatiivisesta professionaalisesta diskurssista vuosina 1935–2015 [Construction of expertise in recordkeeping in the Finnish discourse. A study of normative professional discourse in the years 1935–2015], Tampere University, Tampere, 2020, pp. xiii–xvii. Available at <http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-03-1507-8>, accessed 16 July 2020.
68. ibid., pp. 110–111, 294.
69. See comments to a draft for a new law about public sector information management (HE 284/2018 vp), among others the one of the National Archives of Finland (28 January 2019, KA/2075/00.00.00/2019). The professional journal Faili also discussed these developments, especially in issues 3/2017 and 1/2018. The author of this section has personally been one of the most vocal critiques and has written about the subject several times in his blog http://reunamerkintoja.wordpress.com.
70. Jesse A Johnston, David A Wallace and Ricardo L Punzalan, ‘Messages sent, and received? Changing perspectives and policies on US federal email as record and the limits of archival accountability,’ Archival Science, vol. 19, no. 4, 2019, pp. 309–29.
71. See Pekka Henttonen, ‘Changing Finnish archival legislation: substantial changes in the shadow of EU regulations,’ Atlanti, vol. 28, no. 2, 2018, pp. 53–9.
72. A Finnish records and archives management textbook explains life cycle and continuum models and argues that both are compatible with Finnish thinking and practices, Lybeck, pp. 20–1. This only shows the lack of systematic theory building.
73. Jaana Kilkki, ‘Bearmania. Frosting Finnish archival practice with imported archival theory,’ Comma, no. 1, 2004, pp. 43–53.
74. Eljas Orrman, ‘Havaintoja arkistotoimen murroksesta kolmen vuosikymmenen ajalta’ [’Notes about turning points in archives management in three decades’], in Henttonen, De archivis.
75. See Eljas Orrman, ‘Den finländska historikern Pentti Renvall som arkivteoretisk tänkare’ [‘The Finnish historian Pentti Renvall as an archival theorist’]; and Eljas Orrman, ‘Pentti Renvall – suomalainen arkistotieteen teoreetikko’ [‘Pentti Renvall – a classic theorist in Finnish archival theory’], both in Henttonen, De archivis.
76. Jaana Kilkki, ‘Muuttuva arkisto. Kadonneen ammatti-identiteetin metsästäjät’ [‘Archives in transformation. Hunters of a lost professional identity’], Faili, no. 3, 2003, pp. 4–10.
77. Pekka Henttonen, ‘Työssä on aina teoria – joko oma tai jonkun toisen. Miksi arkistoalan teorian tutkimus on tärkeää’ [’There always is a theory – it is either yours or belongs to someone else. Why research on archival theory is important’], Arkistoviesti, no. 3, 2004, pp. 38–45.
78. Jozo Ivanović, ‘Archival theory and its practical impacts,’ in Arkisto. Arkistoyhdistyksen julkaisuja, Arkistoyhdistys [Archives. Publication of the Society of Finnish Archivists], Helsinki, 2004, pp. 7–30.
79. Lög um Evrópska Efnahagssvæðið nr. 2/1993 [Law on the European Economic Area No. 2/1993], available at <https://www.althingi.is/lagas/131b/19ÍST93002.html>, accessed 11 May 2020.
80. Stefán Már Stefánsson, Evrópusambandið og Evrópska efnahagssvæðið [The European Union and the European Economic Area], Orator, Reykjavík, 2000.
81. The EEA Agreement, 1994 (updated 2016), available at <https://www.efta.int/Legal-Text/EEA-Agreement-1327>, accessed 11 May 2020.
82. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation), available at <https://www.personuvernd.is/log-og-reglur/log-um-personuvernd>, accessed 11 May 2020; Reglugerð Evrópuþingsins og ráðsins [Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council] (ESB) 2016/679, available at <https://www.personuvernd.is/log-og-reglur/log-um-personuvernd>, accessed 11 May 2020.
83. Lög nr. 90/2018 um persónuvernd og vinnslu persónuupplýsinga [Act No. 90/2018 on the protection of privacy as regards the processing of personal data], available at <https://www.althingi.is/lagas/nuna/2018090.html>, accessed 11 May 2020.
84. Rosalind Gill, ‘Discourse Analysis’, in Martin W Bauer and George Gaskell (eds), Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound: A Practical Handbook, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2000, pp. 172–91; Lindsay Prior, ‘Using Documents in Social Research, in David Silverman (ed.), Qualitative Research, 3rd ed., Sage Publications, London, pp. 93–110.
85. Lög um opinber skjalasöfn nr. 77/2014 [Public Archives Act No. 77/2014], available at <https://www.althingi.is/lagas/nuna/2014077.html>, accessed 11 May 2020.
86. For handbooks and regulations published by the National Archives of Iceland see: <https://skjalasafn.is>, accessed 11 May 2020.
87. International Organisation for Standardisation, ISO 15489–1:2016, ISO, Geneva, 2016; Staðlaráð Íslands, ÍST ISO 15489–1:2016: upplýsingar og skjalfesting – skjalastjórn: 1. hluti: hugmyndir og meginreglur, 2. Útgáfa [Icelandic Standards, Iceland ISO 15489–1:2016: Information and Documentation – Records Management: Part 1: Concepts and Principles, 2nd ed.], STRÍ, Reykjavík, 2018; J Gunnlaugsdóttir, ‘Staðall um upplýsingar og skjalastjórn: Önnur útgáfa’ [‘A standard on information and records management: second edition’], Staðlamál, vol. 22, no. 1, May, 2018.
88. See for example: International Organisation for Standardisation, ISO 9001:2015, ISO, Geneva, 2015; ÍST ISO 9001: 2015: gæðastjórnunarkerfi: kröfur, 4. útgáfa [Iceland ISO 9001:2015: Quality Management Systems, 4th ed.], STRÍ, Reykjavík, 2016; International Organisation for Standardisation, ISO/IEC 27001:2017, ISO, Geneva, 2017; ÍST EN ISO/IEC 27001:2017: upplýsingatækni – öryggisaðferðir – stjórnunarkerfi um upplýsingaöryggi: kröfur, 3. útgáfa [Iceland EN ISO/IEC 27001:2017: Information Technology – Security Techniques – Information Security Management: Requirements, 3rd ed.], STRÍ, Reykjavík 2017.
89. ARMA International, Glossary of records management and information governance terms, 5th ed., ARMA International, Overland Park, KS, 2016, p. 12.
90. International Organisation for Standardisation, ISO 15489–1:2016, p. 17. Emphasis added.
91. ARMA International, p. 16.
92. Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke, Successful qualitative research: a practical guide for beginners, Sage Publications, Los Angeles, CA, 2013; W Lawrence Neuman, Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches, 7th ed., Pearson, Boston, MA, 2011.
93. ibid.
94. Kathy Charmaz, Constructing grounded theory, 2nd ed., Sage Publications, Los Angeles, CA, 2014; Monique M Hennink, Inge Hutter and Ajay Bailey, Qualitative research methods, Sage Publications, Los Angeles, CA, 2011.
95. Umberto Eco, Mouse or rat? Translation as negotiation, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 2003.
96. Evans, ‘Language, translation and accounting’, p. 1861.
97. Lisa Evans, ‘Language, translation and the problem of international accounting communication,’ Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, vol. 17, no. 2, 2004, pp. 210–48.
98. Lawrence Venuti, The scandals of translation: Towards an ethics of difference, Routledge, London and New York, 1998.
99. ibid.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Fiorella Foscarini
Fiorella Foscarini is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Information at the University of Toronto (Canada). In 2014–16, she taught in the Department of Media Studies at the University of Amsterdam (The Netherlands). Fiorella holds a PhD in Archival Studies from the School of Library, Archival and Information Studies at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver (Canada). Before joining academia in 2010, she worked for a decade as senior archivist for the European Central Bank in Frankfurt am Main (Germany); prior to that, she was Head of the Records Office and Intermediate Archives at the Province of Bologna (Italy). In her teaching and research, Fiorella uses diplomatics, rhetorical genre studies, and information culture concepts to explore issues related to the creation, management, and use of records in organisational contexts. She currently serves as General Editor of Archivaria.
Giulia Barrera
Giulia Barrera is an archivist and an Africanist historian (Ph.D. in African History, Northwestern University, 2002). She has worked in the Italian State Archives for over 30 years and currently works at the Italian Directorate General of Archives. She served as expert witness for the Italian trial to the so-called ‘Operation Condor’ (the illegal repressive coordination among Southern Cone dictatorships in 1975–80). She coordinated the working group that drafted the European Archives Group’s Guidelines on the enforcement of the GDPR in the archive sector. She has extensively published both on issues of gender and race in colonial Eritrea, and on archival issues, with a special attention to the intersections between archives and citizens’ rights (for a list of her publications, see her profile in Academia.edu).
Aida Škoro Babić
Aida Škoro Babić is a Senior Adviser – Archivist for archival records at The Archives of the Republic of Slovenia since 2009, working in Special Archives Sector as responsible archivist for records of highest judiciary bodies in the Republic of Slovenia. Since 2018, she is a Senior Lecturer at the Department for Archival Science and Records Management at Alma Mater Europaea – European Centre Maribor, for the areas of archival legislation and data protection. Aida holds a Master of Historical Science from Antiquity to 18th Century at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ljubljana (in collaboration with the Faculty of Arts of the University of Sarajevo). Since 2017, she is president of the inter-archives working group for judiciary records in the Republic of Slovenia, appointed by the Ministry of Culture, which is responsible for cooperation with judiciary bodies regarding records legislation. As a member of a special expert group for the records of the succession issues after ex-Yugoslavia, since 2010, she has been dealing especially with military records of WWII, Yugoslav National Army, military courts and Yugoslav federal judiciary bodies. Thus, she has been researching for years in archives in ex-Yugoslav countries, as well in other countries. She is a member of the e-ARH.si Project (The Development of the Slovenian Public Electronic Archives), approved by the Government of the Republic of Slovenia on March 2016, where she is involved in the fields of appraisal, acquisition, archival processing and enabling access (regarding data protection). As a Court Interpreter for Bosnian language, appointed by the Minister for Judiciary in 2008, she is interpreting at court proceedings and dealing with terminology issues in European legislation.
Pekka Henttonen
Pekka Henttonen is University Lecturer in the Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences in the Tampere University (Finland) and has a PhD degree in information studies. His field of specialisation is electronic records management. Henttonen has published research about requirements for electronic records management systems, metadata, knowledge organisation, and Finnish archival history. Before joining academia in 2007, Henttonen worked at the National Archives and Military Archives of Finland. Besides scientific publications, he regularly writes for professional journals and is a frequent speaker in national and international conferences.
Jóhanna Gunnlaugsdóttir
Jóhanna Gunnlaugsdóttir (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3hanna_Gunnlaugsd%C3%B3ttir) is a professor in Information and Records Management and Electronic Communication in Organizations, School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland. She has a BA in History and Library and Information Sciences from the University of Iceland, an MSc (Econ) from the University of Wales and a PhD from the University of Tampere, Finland. Her research area includes information and records management, total quality management, and knowledge management. Her most recent research projects concern information security, social media, mobile office, electronic governance, public information provided by authorities and protection of personal information. Before joining academia in 2000, she founded a consulting company on information and records management, Gangskor, in 1985, and has been working for more than 100 organisations.