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Abstract
Aim: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that disturbs the colon mucosal lining and is characterized by oxido-nitrosative stress and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Naringin (NG) belongs to a group of chemicals called bioflavonoids derived from grapefruit and related citrus species. NG has been widely used as folk medicine in many countries, due to its several health benefits.
Method: This study examined the effect of NG on 2,4,6 trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups like Normal Control (NC), Ethanol Control (EC), Disease Control (DC), NG 20 (20 mg/kg, p.o.), NG 40 (40 mg/kg, p.o.), NG 80 (80 mg/kg, p.o.), and Dexamethasone (DEX) (2 mg/kg, p.o.). Colitis was induced in Wistar albino rats by administering TNBS intra-rectally (in 50% ethanol). The rats were then given 14 days of NG (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) and DEX (2 mg/kg) treatment. Several behavioral, biochemical, molecular, and histological analyses were performed.
Result: The treatment of rats with NG significantly increased the body weight (p < .05, p < .01), hematological parameters like hemoglobin (p < .05, p < .01, p < .001), red blood cells (p < .01, p < .001), and platelets count (p < .01, p < .001) and decreased in spleen weight (p < .01, p < .001), colon weight (p < .01, p < .001), colon weight to length ratio (p < .05, p < .01, p < .001), macroscopic score (p < .01, p < .001), adhesion score (p < .01, p < .001), diarrhea score (p < .05, p < .001), stool consistency (p < .01, p < .001), rectal bleeding score (p < .05, p < .01, p < .001), white blood cells count (p < .01, p < .001). NG significantly (p < .01, p < .001) increased colonic superoxide, glutathione, and catalase levels and decreased malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase levels. It also significantly (p < .01, p < .001) decreased the biochemical parameters, proinflammatory cytokines and reduced the histological damage in the colon tissue caused by TNBS.
Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that NG treatment attenuated pathologic changes of TNBS-induced colitis in rats through restoring colonic damage and reducing inflammatory response in the colon tissue. Thus, NG might be considered as an effective candidate for the treatment of UC patients.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. A. P. Pawar, Principal, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune for providing helpful article writing suggestions.
Author contributions
All authors contributed to the manuscript. VH has collected the relevant articles. DM was responsible for literature search, drafting, and critically revising of the manuscript. All the authors have read and approved the manuscript carefully.
Figure 1. Chemical structure of Naringin.
Figure 2. Experimental induction of UC in rats.
Figure 3. Representative samples of colon tissue in TNBS induced UC in rats. (A) NC; (B) EC; (C) DC; (D) NG 20; (E) NG 40; (F) NG 80; (G) DEX.
Figure 4. Effect of NG (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) on body weight (BW) in TNBS induced colitis in rats at Day 0 and Day 15. Data were exhibited as mean ± SEM (n = 6) and analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. ###p < .001 in comparison to NC group on respective days and *p < .05, ***p < .001 in comparison to DC group rats on day 15.
Figure 5. Effect of NG (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) on Spleen Weight (SW) in TNBS induced colitis in rats. Data were exhibited as mean ± SEM (n = 6) and analyzed using one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test ###p < .001 in comparison to NC group on respective days, **p < .01 and ***p < .001 in comparison to DC group.
Figure 6. Effect of NG (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) on Stool Consistency (SC) in TNBS induced UC in rats. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-test ###p < .001 when compared to NC group, **p < .01 and ***p < .001 in comparison to DC group rats.
Figure 7. Effect of NG (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) on Rectal Bleeding (RB) in TNBS induced UC in rats. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-test ###p < .001 in comparison to NC group, *p < .05, **p < .01, and ***p < .001 when matched to DC group rats.
Figure 8. Effect of NG (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) on Colon weight in TNBS induced colitis in rats. Data were exhibited as mean ± SEM (n = 6) and analyzed utilizing one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. ###p < .001 when compared with NC group. **p < .01 and ***p < .001 when matched with the DC group.
Disclosure statement
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.