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ABSTRACT
Anthocyanins are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds and give many flowers, fruits and vegetable their orange, red, purple and blue colors. Besides their color attributes, anthocyanins have received much attention in recent years due to the growing evidence of their antioxidant capacity and health benefits on humans. However, these compounds usually occur in low concentrations in mixtures of complex matrices, and therefore large-scale harvesting is needed to obtain sufficient amounts for their practical usage. Effective fractionation or separation technologies are therefore essential for the screening and production of these bioactive compounds. In this context, membrane technologies have become popular due to their operational simplicity, the capacity to achieve good simultaneous separation/pre-concentration and matrix reduction with lower temperature and lower operating cost in comparison to other sample preparation methods. Membrane fractionation is based on the molecular or particle sizes (pressure-driven processes), on their charge (electrically driven processes) or are dependent on both size and charge. Other non-pressure-driven membrane processes (osmotic pressure and vapor pressure-driven) have been developed in recent years and employed as alternatives for the separation or fractionation of bioactive compounds at ambient conditions without product deterioration. These technologies are applied either individually or in combination as an integrated membrane system to meet the different requirements for the separation of bioactive compounds. The first section of this review examines the basic principles of membrane processes, including the different types of membranes, their structure, morphology and geometry. The most frequently used techniques are also discussed. Last, the specific application of these technologies for the separation, purification and concentration of phenolic compounds, with special emphasis on anthocyanins, are also provided.
Abbreviations
| ATPE | = | aqueous two phase extraction |
| CA | = | cellulose acetate |
| CNT | = | carbon nanotube |
| EAE | = | enzyme-aided extraction |
| ED | = | electrodialysis |
| EME | = | electromembrane extraction |
| FO | = | forward osmosis |
| G-D | = | gas diffusion |
| GC | = | gas chromatograpy |
| HF-LPME | = | hollow fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction |
| LC | = | liquid chromatograpy |
| LLE | = | liquid–liquid extraction |
| LPME | = | liquid phase microextraction |
| HVED | = | high-voltage electrical discharges |
| MAE | = | microwave-assisted extraction |
| MASE | = | membrane-assisted solvent extraction |
| MD | = | membrane distillation |
| ME | = | membrane extraction |
| MESI | = | membrane extraction with sorbent interface |
| MF | = | microfiltration |
| MMLLE | = | microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction |
| MS | = | mass spectrometry |
| MWCO | = | molecular weight cut-off |
| NF | = | nanofiltration |
| OMD | = | osmotic membrane distillation |
| PA | = | polyamide |
| PAN | = | polyacrylonitrile |
| PE | = | polyethylene |
| PEF | = | pulsed electric field |
| PEG | = | polyethylene glycol |
| PES | = | polyethersulphone |
| PGSS | = | particles from gas saturated solution |
| PLE | = | pressurized liquid extraction |
| PME | = | polymeric membrane extraction |
| PP | = | polypropylene |
| PS | = | polysulphone |
| PTFE | = | polytetrafluoroethylene |
| PV | = | pervaporation |
| PVDF | = | polyvinylidene fluoride |
| RO | = | reverse osmosis |
| SBSE | = | stir-bar sorptive extraction |
| SFE | = | supercritical fluid extraction |
| SLM | = | supported liquid membranes |
| SPE | = | solid phase extraction |
| SPME | = | solid phase micro extraction |
| TSS | = | total soluble solids |
| UAE | = | ultrasound-assisted extraction |
| UF | = | ultrafiltration |