Electrochemical Sensors Containing Schiff Bases and their Transition Metal Complexes to Detect Analytes of Forensic, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Interest. A Review

Abstract

Schiff bases and their transition metal complexes are inexpensive and easy to synthesize. These compounds display several structural and electronic features that allow their application in numerous research fields. Over the last three decades, electroanalytical scientists of various areas have developed electrochemical sensors from many compounds. The present review discusses the applicability of Schiff bases, their transition metal complexes and new materials containing these compounds as electrode modifiers in sensors to detect analytes of forensic, pharmaceutical and environmental interest. In forensic sciences, Schiff bases are mainly used to analyze illicit drugs: chemical reactions involving Schiff bases can help to elucidate illicit drug production and to determine analytes in seized samples. In the environmental area, given that most methodologies provide Limit of Detection (LOD) values below the values recommended by regulatory agencies, Schiff bases constitute a promising strategy. As for pharmaceutical applications, Schiff bases represent an approach for analysis of complex biological samples containing low levels of the target analytes in the presence of a large quantity of interfering compounds. This review will show that new highly specific materials can be synthesized based on Schiff bases and applied in the pharmaceutical industry, toxicological studies, electrocatalysis and biosensors. Most literature papers have reported on Schiff bases combined with carbon paste to give a chemically modified electrode that is easy and inexpensive to produce and which displays specific and selective sensing capacity for different applications.

Keywords:

• Electrochemical sensors
• environmental monitoring
• forensic analysis
• pharmaceutical analysis
• Schiff bases

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr. Cynthia Maria de Campos Prado Manso for revising and editing the text.

Additional information

Funding

The authors acknowledge the financial support of Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP - Process 2016/23825-3) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Process Capes Pro Forense 25/2014).