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ABSTRACT
Walnuts are commonly found in our diet and have been recognized for their nutritious properties for a long time. Traditionally, walnuts have been known for their lipid profile, which has been linked to a wide array of biological properties and health-promoting effects. In addition to essential fatty acids, walnuts contain a variety of other bioactive compounds, such as vitamin E and polyphenols. Among common foods and beverages, walnuts represent one of the most important sources of polyphenols, hence their effect over human health warrants attention. The main polyphenol in walnuts is pedunculagin, an ellagitannin. After consumption, ellagitannins are hydrolyzed to release ellagic acid, which is converted by gut microflora to urolithin A and other derivatives such as urolithins B, C, and D. Ellagitannins possess well known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivity, and several studies have assessed the potential role of ellagitannins against disease initiation and progression, including cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize current available information relating to the potential effect of walnut polyphenols in health maintenance and disease prevention.
Acknowledgments
The authors would also like to acknowledge CIBEROBN. Maria Izquierdo-Pulido and Claudia Sánchez-González belong to a group that holds the Quality Mention from the Government of Catalonia, Spain (2014SGR96).
Funding
This work was supported by a grant from California Walnut Commission. Claudia Sánchez-González was supported by a scholarship from the “Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología,” CONACYT, from Mexico.