Lactoferrin: an overview of its main functions, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial role, and clinical significance

Abstract

Lactoferrin (LF), a glycoprotein found in mucosal secretions, is characterized by a wide range of functions, including immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Moreover, several investigations confirmed that LF displays high effectiveness against multiple bacteria and viruses and may be regarded as a potential inhibitor of enveloped viruses, such as presently prevailing SARS-CoV-2. In our review, we discuss available studies about LF functions and bioavailability of different LF forms in in vitro and in vivo models. Moreover, we characterize the potential benefits and side effects of LF use; we also briefly summarize the latest clinical trials examining LF application. Finally, we point potential role of LF in inflammatory bowel disease and indicate its use as a marker for disease severity.

Keywords:

• Lactoferrin
• lactoferrin receptor
• anti-inflammatory
• antiviral
• antibacterial
• immunomodulatory
• inflammatory bowel disease
• IBD

Correction Statement

This article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Funding

Supported by a grant from the Medical University of Lodz (#503/1-156-04/503-11-001-19-00 to JF).