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ABSTRACT
Engineered nanomaterials may adversely impact human health and environmental safety by nano–bio–eco interactions not fully understood. Their interaction with biotic and abiotic environments are varied and complicated, ranging from individual species to entire ecosystems. Their behavior, transport, fate, and toxicological profiles in these interactions, addressed in a pioneering study, are subsequently seldom reported. Biological, chemical, and physical dimension properties, the so-called multidimensional characterization, determine interactions. Intermediate species generated in the dynamic process of nanomaterial transformation increase the complexity of assessing nanotoxicity. We review recent progress in understanding these interactions, discuss the challenges of the study, and suggest future research directions.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by NSF-CREST program [the National Science Foundation-Centers of Research Excellence in Science and Technology (NSF-CREST)] with grant #HRD-1547754 to Jackson State University. This article is not an official U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance or policy statement. No official support or endorsement by the U.S. FDA is intended or should be inferred.