Abstract
Context
Garden cress (GC), fenugreek (FG), and black seed (BS) are traditional herbal medicine for managing hypertension.
Objective
The effects of the three herbs on the pharmacodynamics of metoprolol tartrate (MT) in hypertensive rats were investigated.
Materials and methods
Wistar rats were divided in five groups (n = 6). Group I served as normal control group and Group II (hypertensive control group) had rats treated orally with N-nitro L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 40 mg/kg/day) only. Groups III, IV, and V rats were orally treated with L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day) + GC (300 mg/kg, once daily), L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day) + FG (300 mg/kg, once daily) and L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day) + BS (300 mg/kg, once daily), respectively, for 2 weeks, and on the 14th day, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded using a tail-cuff blood pressure-measuring system. On the 16th day, a single dose of MT (10 mg/kg) was orally administered, and the rats’ blood pressure and heart rate were recorded.
Results
GC, FG, and BS decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 8.7%, 8.5%, and 8.7%, respectively, in hypertensive rats. A greater decrease in SBP by 14.5%, 14.8%, and 16.1% was observed when hypertensive rats were treated with L-NAME + GC + MT, L-NAME + FG + MT, and L-NAME + BS + MT, respectively. Similarly, hypertensive rats treated with the combination of herbs and MT had significantly lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) than those treated with herbs alone and those treated with L-NAME alone.
Conclusions
The combination of investigated herbs and MT had a beneficial effect on hypertension. However, the concurrent administration of drugs, particularly those predominantly cleared through CYP450 2D6-catalyzed metabolism, with the three investigated herbs should be considered with caution.
Introduction
Hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) of more than or equal to 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of more than or equal to 90 mmHg (Mills et al. Citation2016, Citation2020). It is a prominent risk factor for other cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality worldwide. Approximately 31.1% of the overall population worldwide had hypertension in 2010 (Mills et al. Citation2016, Citation2020). The preponderance of hypertension is expanding, which could be due to a lack of physical activity or unhealthy diets (Mills et al. Citation2016). Many antihypertensive drugs are used to treat high BP levels in patients (Archer Citation2000; Susalit et al. Citation2011).
Approximately 75%–80% of the world population consume herbal medicines, mostly in developing countries, to treat diseases, including hypertension (Tabassum and Ahmad Citation2011). Several herbs are commonly taken by patients, especially for hypertension (Mansoor Citation2001; Agrawal et al. Citation2010; Tabassum and Ahmad Citation2011). These herbs might stimulate substantial herbal- medication interactions and could alter the pharmacodynamics of certain drugs and induce toxicities, especially for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices; thus, this concern should be studied more (Bushra et al. Citation2011; Fasinu et al. Citation2012; Palleria et al. Citation2013).
In this study, the effects of garden cress (GC), fenugreek (FG), and black seed (BS) on the pharmacodynamics of metoprolol tartrate (MT) have been determined in N-nitro l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertensive rats.
GC, the dried ripe seeds of Lepidium sativum Linn. (Cruciferae), is grown largely in Egypt and West Asia. The major constituent of GC is glucosinolates (Al-Jenoobi et al. Citation2015). The plant's seeds and leaves contain volatile oils and are high in fatty acids, amino acids, and minerals. Seeds are rich in carbohydrates (33–54%), protein (25%), lipids (14–24%), and crude fibre (8%). The main fatty acid in L. sativum seed is α-linolenic acid (32–34.0%). Stearic, linoleic, palmitic, oleic, arachidic, benzyl isothiocyanate, lignoceric acids, sitosterol and sterol are all contained in the seed oil (Prajapati et al. Citation2014; Chatoui et al. Citation2020; Ahmad et al. Citation2021). Other constituents include ascorbic acid, cucurbitacins, and cardenolides (Al-Jenoobi et al. Citation2013). An anti-hypertensive consequence of GC (20 mg/kg) has been described in spontaneously hypertensive rats but not in Wistar Kyoto rats (normotensive control). It was reported that the increase in urinary removal of chlorides, sodium and potassium could be the cause for its blood pressure lowering effect (Maghrani et al. Citation2005).
GC has also been used for managing respiratory disorders, vitamin C deficiency, constipation, and poor immunity and as a diuretic (Al-Jenoobi et al. Citation2013). Practitioners of Indian medicine consider its seeds useful in managing dysenteric diarrhoea and febrile and catarrhal infections (Rehman et al. Citation2012). Moreover, GC is widely consumed as a food-nutrient ingredient for cooking and freshly prepared salads. In addition, GC is rich in dietary fibre and contains more than 20% protein (Doke and Guha Citation2014).
FG [Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn (Fabaceae)] is indigenous to Eastern Europe and parts of Asia; however, it has now been extensively cultivated in nearly all countries. Its leaves and seeds are usually used as leafy vegetables and condiments, respectively (Reddy and Srinivasan Citation2011; Yadav and Baquer Citation2014). A mature FG seed has many active components, such as fenugreekine, diosgenin, gitogenin, neogitogenin, homoorientin, saponaretin, neogigogenin, tigogenin, fibres, flavonoids, polysaccharides, fixed oils, and some identified alkaloids, that is, carpaine, gentianine, trigonelline and choline (Yoshikawa et al. Citation1997; Morani et al. Citation2012; Nagulapalli Venkata et al. Citation2017). It was reported that the serotonergic antagonistic property of the 5-HT2 subtype receptor could play a role in substantial decrease in high blood pressure in rats (Balaraman et al. Citation2006). FG seeds have several activities, including antihypertensive, antiperoxidative, hypocholesterolemic, and antidiabetic effects and anti-inflammatory and insulin-mimetic properties (Madar and Shomer Citation1990; Petit et al. Citation1995; Nair et al. Citation1998; Patel et al. Citation2012; Geberemeskel et al. Citation2019).
BS [Nigella sativa Linn (Ranunculaceae)] is an annual herb with enormous therapeutic potential (Kooti et al. Citation2016). The beneficial potential of this plant is primarily attributed to the free radical scavenging properties of some of its active components (Darakhshan et al. Citation2015; Gholamnezhad et al. Citation2016). BS seed oils comprise two active components, thymoquinone and dihydrothymoquinone, which demonstrated strong antioxidant potential (Darakhshan et al. Citation2015; Butt et al. Citation2019). Other active constituents have been found in BS are 4-terpineol, α-pinene, carvacrol, limonene, longifolene, p-cymene, t-anethole benzene and thymol (Kooti et al. Citation2016; Ijaz et al. Citation2017; Tavakkoli et al. Citation2017). The actual mechanism by which BS decreases the blood pressure is unclear. The many active compounds in BS may be responsible for its antihypertensive effects, each with its own mechanism of action. The antioxidant, diuretic, calcium channel blocking property and cardiac depressant effect are potential mechanisms they may help to lower blood pressure (Dehkordi and Kamkhah Citation2008; Jaarin et al. Citation2015; Rizka et al. Citation2017). BS has great pharmacological potency in managing various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and hypertension (Jaarin et al. Citation2015; Rizka et al. Citation2017; Enayatfard et al. Citation2018; Xiao et al. Citation2018; Hamdan et al. Citation2019). In addition, it demonstrated chemo-protective, gastro-protective, and immune-protective activities (Amin and Hosseinzadeh Citation2016; Ijaz et al. Citation2017; Majdalawieh et al. Citation2017; Mollazadeh et al. Citation2017).
MT is commonly used in managing acute myocardial infarction, angina, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias (Ripley and Saseen Citation2014; Ahad et al. Citation2015; Grassi Citation2018). It belongs to the therapeutic group of selective β-adrenergic blockers. The enteral absorption of MT is quick and nearly complete; nevertheless, the bioavailability of MT is 50%, which could be due to the broad first-pass metabolism (Berger et al. Citation2018). MT is comprehensively bio-transformed, with only less than 5% of an oral dose being excreted in a non-metabolised form by the kidneys (Regardh and Johnsson Citation1980; Johansson et al. Citation2007). Almost 70% of orally taken MT is mainly metabolised by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) (Berger et al. Citation2018). The half-life of MT is in the ranges of 3–4 h and 7–9 h in young adults and elderly patients, respectively (Rigby et al. Citation1985).
Since these herbs (GC, FG, and BS) have demonstrated antihypertensive activity, consuming these herbs has a reasonable potential for lowering high blood pressure levels, alone or with another antihypertensive herb or modern medicines. Hence, exploring the effects of these herbs on the pharmacodynamics of MT is essential. This study evaluated the influence of these herbs on the pharmacodynamics of MT in diseased rats.
Materials and methods
Materials
Lopressor® 50 (MT) was purchased from Novartis Pharma AG, Basle, Switzerland. L-NAME was purchased from Carbosynth Limited, Berkshire, UK. GC, FG, and BS were procured from the production of 7 Spices Trading Establishment, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The herbs were previously authenticated by expert taxonomist of the university and all investigated herbs were procured from the same source.
Animals
Wistar rats with weights between 200 and 250 g were received after the study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. The rats were divided into five groups having 6 rats in each group. All animal management and handling procedures, in addition to the study design, were approved by the Ethics Committee of King Saud University (KSU-SE-18-27).
Induction of hypertension
Oral administration of L-NAME at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day was used for inducing hypertension in each group of rats (except for Group I). Rats showing SBP of more than 150 mmHg were included in this study (Adaramoye et al. Citation2012; Sung et al. Citation2013; Ahad et al. Citation2020a, Citation2020b).
Training of rats and recording of blood pressure
Tail-cuff systems are usually employed for observing blood pressure in rats and mice (Krege et al. Citation1995; Feng et al. Citation2009; Ahad et al. Citation2014). Training of rats for the tail-cuff measurement of blood pressure is an important step because factors, such as warming of rat platforms and sitting of rats in a restrainer that involved in the procedure could affect the blood pressure of the animals (Zhao et al. Citation2011; Ahad et al. Citation2015, Citation2017, Citation2018). Primarily, gripping the animals gently is essential so that they remained in a state of proper calmness. To lessen the consequences of this variability, the rats were trained for 10–15 min/day in the restrainer for 5 days. The rat restrainer has a proper ventilation window, and the other side of the restrainer has an opening by which the tail is protruded outside and passes via the tail cuff and V-shaped groove in the sensor. The restrainer was placed above the platform, which was lightly heated using a temperature controller to gently warm the rats so that blood flow to the tail was established, which in-turn produced good signals from the rat tail that were recognised by the sensor. The signals were read by the control unit during automatic inflation/deflation of the tail cuff, and these signals were interpreted by the control unit, which displayed the blood pressure curve in the attached computer. During experiments, decrements in the heart rate (HR) of the rats with training were observed, and this decrease in the HR of rats could be most probably because of a decrease in animal stress. A substantial decrease in the HR of the trained rats was observed compared with that of untrained rats.
Experimental design
The animals were divided into five groups (n = 6): Group I served as the healthy control group. Hypertension was induced in the animals of Groups II-V. Group II was labelled as the hypertensive control group where the rats were orally treated with L-NAME only (40 mg/kg, once daily). Groups III, IV, and V animals were orally treated with L-NAME + GC (300 mg/kg, once daily), L-NAME + FG (300 mg/kg, once daily), and L-NAME + BS (300 mg/kg, once daily), respectively. The treatment of Groups II, III, IV, and V animals lasted for two weeks, and on the 14th day, the SBP, DBP, HR, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) of each rat of every group were recorded at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h using a tail-cuff blood pressure measuring system (BP-2000 Blood Pressure Analysis System; Visitech Systems, NC, USA). On the 16th day, a single dose of MT (10 mg/kg, orally) was administered to each rat, and SBP, DBP, HR, and MAP of every rat of Groups II-V were recorded at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h.
Statistical analysis
Differences in the means were analysed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test using Prism 6.00 (GraphPad Software, Inc, CA, USA). *p-values of less than 0.05 and **p-values of less than 0.01 were considered statistically significant.
Results and discussion
The SBP, DBP, MAP, and HR were monitored in all groups using a tail-cuff BP-2000 Blood Pressure Analysis System (Visitech Systems, NC, USA). The antihypertensive effect of the three herbs, namely, GC, FG, and BS, were compared in contrast to the hypertensive control group. The healthy control group showed SBP, DBP, and MAP in the ranges of 110–126 mmHg, 62–84 mmHg, and 81–95 mmHg, respectively. The L-NAME model emulated hypertension in humans, and it is a well-proven experimental model for inducing hypertension in animals (Ramanathan and Thekkumalai Citation2014). In this study, hypertension was successfully induced with L-NAME, and rats were screened as hypertensive rats and used for the experiment. In this study, a substantial increase in SBP, DBP, and MAP was correlated with the oral administration of L-NAME compared with those in the healthy control rats, corroborating the induction of hypertension in Group II-V animals. Rats treated with L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day) had higher SBP, DBP, and MAP by 45%, 37%, and 40%, respectively, than healthy control rats. Our results conform to those of other published studies where L-NAME induced a persistent increase in blood pressure (Cardoso et al. Citation2014; Jaarin et al. Citation2015; Abdel-Rahman et al. Citation2017).
Effects of herbs on SBP in hypertensive rats
The healthy control and hypertensive control rats (treated with L-NAME alone) groups showed SBP in the ranges of 110–126 mmHg and 159–193 mmHg (p < 0.01), respectively. The administration of MT decreased SBP in hypertensive rats. Rats treated with L-NAME + MT had a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in SBP by 8.7% compared with the hypertensive control group. The maximum decrease in SBP (19%; 142.17 ± 6.65 mmHg, p < 0.05) was observed 4 h after MT administration. SBP gradually increased after 4 h and reached 162.83 ± 2.86 mmHg after 24 h of MT treatment. GC caused a significant (p < 0.05) drop in SBP in hypertensive rats (). In addition, GC reduced SBP in hypertensive rats by 9% compared with that in the hypertensive control group (treated with L-NAME alone). The maximum antihypertensive effect of L-NAME + GC treatment was observed after 8 h; the SBP decreased by 13% (p < 0.05) at 8 h compared with that in the hypertensive control group (treated with L-NAME alone). Meanwhile, rats treated with L-NAME + GC + MT had decreased SBP by 14.5%, 6.5%, and 6.1% compared with rats treated with L-NAME alone, L-NAME + MT, and L-NAME + GC, respectively (). The maximum decrease in SBP (20%; 134.50 ± 3.89 mmHg, p < 0.05) was observed 2 h after L-NAME + GC + MT treatment compared with that in rats treated with L-NAME alone. Similarly, oral treatment of hypertensive rats with FG at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day showed a significant (p < 0.05) drop in SBP (). Rats treated with L-NAME + FG showed a decrease in SBP by 8.5% compared with animals treated with L-NAME alone. A maximum drop in SBP (15%; 145.17 ± 4.67 mmHg, p < 0.05) was noted 8 h after treatment. The hypotensive effect of FG began to decrease after 8 h, and SBP rose to 151.67 ± 4.03 mmHg at 24 h. L-NAME + FG + MT showed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in SBP by 14.8% compared with those in rats treated with L-NAME alone. At 2 h, an 18.8% (p < 0.01) decrease in SBP was noted compared with those in rats treated with L-NAME alone. The treatment of rats with L-NAME + FG + MT decreased SBP by 6.7% and 6.9% compared with treatment with L-NAME + MT and L-NAME + FG, respectively (). Alternatively, the treatment of hypertensive rats with BS decreased the SBP by 8.7% after 24 h compared with treatment with L-NAME alone (). The maximum decrease in SBP (16.7%; 146.17 ± 3.76 mmHg, p < 0.05) was observed 4 h after BS administration. The blood pressure lowering effect of BS started to diminish after 4 h, and SBP began to rise gradually and reached 149.00 ± 4.60 mmHg. Animals treated with L-NAME + BS + MT showed a decrease in SBP by 16.1% (p < 0.05) compared with the rats in the hypertensive control group. The maximum decrease in SBP (25.6%; 130.50 ± 4.51 mmHg, p < 0.05) was observed 4 h after L-NAME + BS + MT treatment. The treatment of rats with L-NAME + BS + MT decreased SBP by 16.1%, 8.1%, and 8.1% compared with treatment with L-NAME alone, L-NAME + MT, and L-NAME + BS, respectively ().
Figure 1. Effects of garden cress with and without MT on SBP and DBP of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate; SBP: systolic blood pressure.
Figure 2. Effects of fenugreek with and without MT on SBP and DBP of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate; SBP: systolic blood pressure.
Figure 3. Effects of black seed with and without MT on SBP and DBP of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate; SBP: systolic blood pressure.
Effects of herbs on DBP in hypertensive rats
In this study, the DBP of rats were in the ranges of 62–86 mmHg and 77–127 mmHg in the healthy control and hypertensive control groups. In this study, all investigated herbs substantially reduced the DBP of hypertensive rats. Rats treated with L-NAME + MT demonstrated a decrease in DBP by 10% compared with those treated with L-NAME alone. The administration of MT resulted in a sudden decrease in DBP in rats with L-NAME-induced hypertension, with a maximum decrease of 34% (71.33 ± 13.44 mmHg) at 1 h. The results indicated that DBP considerably decreased in rats treated with L-NAME + GC compared with that in hypertensive control rats (). Animals treated with GC showed a maximum decrease in DBP of 32% (71.50 ± 14.52 mmHg, p < 0.01) at 8 h compared with the hypertensive control group. A 33.4% (p < 0.01) reduction in DBP was observed at an earlier time point of 2 h when rats were treated with L-NAME + GC + MT (). Animals treated with L-NAME + GC + MT presented with a substantial decrease in DBP by 15.61%, 6.21%, and 0.88% compared with rats treated with L-NAME alone, L-NAME + MT, and L-NAME + GC, respectively. The treatment of hypertensive rats with L-NAME + FG and L-NAME + BS decreased DBP by 10.82% and 10.52%, respectively, after 24 h compared with treatment with L-NAME alone ( and ). Animals treated with L-NAME + FG + MT and L-NAME + BS + MT showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in DBP by 22.36% and 23.26%, respectively, compared with the hypertensive control group ( and ). The maximum decreases in DBP of 38.12% (68.17 ± 9.28 mmHg, p < 0.05) and 31.04% (68.50 ± 7.82 mmHg) were noted 2 h and 4 h, respectively, after L-NAME + FG + MT and L-NAME + BS + MT treatment. The treatment of rats with L-NAME + FG + MT decreased DBP by 13.72% and 12.94% compared with treatment with L-NAME + MT and L-NAME + FG, respectively. Meanwhile, animals treated with L-NAME + BS + MT had a decrease in DBP by 14.72% and 14.24% compared with those treated with L-NAME + MT and L-NAME + BS, respectively.
Effects of herbs on MAP in hypertensive rats
In this study, the MAP of rats was in the ranges of 81–95 mmHg and 107–145 mmHg in the healthy control and hypertensive control groups, respectively. Rats treated with L-NAME + MT, L-NAME + GC, L-NAME + FG, and L-NAME + BS presented a reduction in MAP by 9.42%, 13.02%, 9.76%, and 9.71%, respectively, compared with those treated with L-NAME alone (). Animals treated with L-NAME + GC + MT, L-NAME + FG + MT, and L-NAME + BS + MT presented a decrease in MAP by 15.92%, 18.94%, and 20.03%, respectively, compared with rats treated with L-NAME alone (). Meanwhile, rats treated with L-NAME + GC + MT, L-NAME + FG + MT, and L-NAME + BS + MT exhibited a decrease in MAP by 7.18%, 10.51%, and 11.71%, respectively, compared with those treated with L-NAME + MT. Animals that received L-NAME + GC + MT, L-NAME + FG + MT, and L-NAME + BS + MT exhibited a decrease in MAP by 3.33%, 10.17%, and 11.43%, respectively, compared with those treated with L-NAME + GC, L-NAME + FG, and L-NAME + BS.
Figure 4. Effects of garden cress with and without MT on MAP and HR of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate.
Figure 5. Effects of fenugreek with and without MT on MAP and HR of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate.
Figure 6. Effects of black seed with and without MT on MAP and HR of hypertensive rats (mean ± SD). (A and C) Time course effects (B and D) mean 0–24 h time point. **p < 0.01 versus L-NAME alone; #p < 0.01 versus normal rats. HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; MT: metoprolol tartrate.
Effects of herbs on HR in hypertensive rats
The healthy control and hypertensive control groups showed HR in the ranges of 344–369 beats/min and 275–365 beats/min, respectively. Rats that received L-NAME alone presented a decrease in HR by 6.21% compared with healthy control rats. Our results conform to those of other studies where L-NAME administration decreased HR (Bernatova et al. Citation1999; Kobayashi et al. Citation2000; Sung et al. Citation2013; Abdel-Rahman et al. Citation2017). Animals treated with L-NAME + MT, L-NAME + GC, L-NAME + FG, and L-NAME + BS exhibited improvements in HR by 4.62%, 3.35%, 6.13%, and 1.32%, respectively, compared with those treated with L-NAME alone (). Animals that received L-NAME + GC + MT and L-NAME + BS + MT had an increase in HR by 3.04% and 2.21%, respectively, compared with those treated with L-NAME alone (). However, rats treated with L-NAME + FG + MT unexpectedly did not show any improvement in HR ().
Nowadays, herbal medicines are extensively used; this could be due to their low costs and fewer side effects associated with them (Modak et al. Citation2007). Several studies have explored the therapeutic potentials of plants to ascertain their application in current therapies. The search for commonly used herbs that mitigate hypertension brought GC, FG, and BS into light for experimentation. These three herbs were used to cure different illnesses in ancient medicine. In this study, these herbs were evaluated for their blood pressure-lowering action in rats. Furthermore, the pharmacodynamic interaction of the aforementioned herbs and MT was examined in this study.
Several studies have indicated that the administration of L-NAME over a longer period increased blood pressure (Mali et al. Citation2012; Bernatova Citation2014; Syed et al. Citation2016; Tata et al. Citation2019). In this study, we found that L-NAME increased SBP, DBP, and MAP in rats, and the subsequent hypertension was relieved by oral administration of the investigated herbs, namely, GC, FG and BS; these outcomes presented the antihypertensive effects of these herbs in animal models. In this study, test animals from the hypertensive groups, such as rats treated with L-NAME + GC, L-NAME + FG, and L-NAME + BS, showed lower SBP, DBP, and MAP than rats treated with L-NAME alone (hypertensive control). These herbs improved the HR of hypertensive rats. All three investigated herbs were more effective in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive rats. Among them, GC was slightly more effective, whereas FG and BS were comparably potent in decreasing SBP in hypertensive rats. In addition, this study showed that long-term treatment with the three herbs under study has a substantial influence in reversing hypertension. Nevertheless, this study has limitations; consequently, additional research is required to determine the active constituents of these herbs that play an important role in the molecular mechanism behind their antihypertensive action.
Conclusions
In this study, we used L-NAME-induced hypertension models to investigate the antihypertensive effects of three commonly used herbs, namely, garden cress (GC), fenugreek (FG), and black seed (BS); for this purpose, L-NAME was orally administered in rats, which induced a substantial increase in blood pressure. The outcomes of this study showed that metoprolol tartrate (MT) alone, herbs alone, and their combination showed a decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in hypertensive rats. Heart rate (HR), which was depleted following treatment with L-NAME alone, improved following treatment with MT alone, herbs alone, and herbs + MT. A more potent blood pressure-lowering effect of MT was observed when administered in combination with herbs. Furthermore, the concurrent administration of drugs, particularly those predominantly cleared through CYP2D-catalyzed metabolism, with the three herbs under study should be considered with caution.
Acknowledgment
The authors thank the Deanship of Scientific Research and RSSU at King Saud University for their technical support.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Additional information
Funding
References
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