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Original Articles

La lectura en los alumnos sordos: aportación del implante coclear

Reading in deaf students: The role of the cochlear implant

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Pages 327-341 | Received 25 Jan 2011, Accepted 02 Dec 2011, Published online: 23 Jan 2014
 

Resumen

El objetivo de este trabajo fue doble, por un lado, examinar el papel de los implantes cocleares sobre las capacidades de procesamiento fonológico de escolares sordos y su relación con el nivel de lectura, y por otro, analizar las estrategias de lectura empleadas por estos alumnos. La hipótesis principal era que estos lectores utilizan una estrategia de palabras clave, que consiste en identificar algunas de las palabras de cada frase y elaborar su significado global a partir de ellas. Los participantes eran 71 alumnos sordos profundos y prelocutivos y 326 oyentes, de Educación Primaria y Secundaria. Sus habilidades lectoras, fonológicas y ortográficas fueron evaluadas. Los resultados muestran que el nivel de lectura es más elevado en los oyentes que en los sordos y que los implantados son superiores a los no implantados. En cada grupo el nivel lector dependía de las habilidades metafonológicas de los participantes. Observamos también que la estrategia de palabras clave es generalmente empleada por los lectores sordos. Finalmente, la edad de colocación del implante así como su duración fueron determinantes del nivel lector y de las habilidades metafonológicas. Estos resultados apoyan la idea de que los implantes cocleares, especialmente cuando tienen lugar a una edad temprana, favorecen el desarrollo de representaciones fonológicas y dan lugar a mejores resultados en lengua escrita.

Abstract

The aim of this study was two-fold. Firstly, to examine the role of the cochlear implant on deaf children's phonological processing abilities and its incidence at reading level, and secondly, to analyse the reading strategies they used. Our main hypothesis was that they read using a key word strategy consisting of identifying some of the words of the sentence to be read and deriving its general meaning solely on this basis. Reading, phonological, and orthographic abilities were evaluated in a sample of 71 deaf children with a profound prelingual hearing loss, and 326 hearing children from Primary and Secondary school levels. The results show that the reading level was higher in hearing compared with deaf participants, and in implanted than in the non-implanted deaf children. It is also shown that in each group the level of reading depended on metaphonological abilities. Moreover, most of the deaf participants read using a key word strategy. Finally, the age at implantation as well as its duration was related with reading level and metaphonological abilities. These results support the notion that cochlear implants, especially when they are put in early, contribute to developing phonological abilities and better literacy outcomes.

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