Golimumab in unresponsive ulcerative colitis

Abstract

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammation mainly affecting the colon mucosa. It predominantly occurs in younger patients. Until recently, the main goals in the treatment of UC were to temper the symptoms, such as diarrhea, pain, and weight loss, by using mesalazine and steroids. With newer medications, such as immunomodulators (thiopurines) and the biologics providing blockade of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), the goals of the therapy in UC have changed to long-term remission and mucosal healing. The first available anti-TNF therapy in UC included infusion therapy with infliximab every few weeks. In 2012, subcutaneously administered adalimumab gained approval for the treatment of UC in Germany. In patients with a mild disease, therapy with mesalazine, orally or topically, can be sufficient. In patients with moderate to severe disease, therapy with azathioprine or anti-TNF is often required to reach disease control; however, this is only efficient in about two-thirds of patients. Some patients either show no response or a lost response while on treatment. So, further medical options are warranted in the treatment of UC. With golimumab, a new approach in the treatment of mild to moderate UC recently became available in Germany and is a promising new option in the therapy regimen for patients with UC.

Keywords:

• anti-TNF
• biological therapy
• inflammatory bowel disease

Background

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affecting mainly the colon mucosa, in contrast to Crohn’s disease (CD) in which every part of the gastrointestinal tract can be involved. The onset of the disease mainly occurs in younger patients. The incidence (up to 20 cases per 100,000 persons¹) and prevalence rates are high in western countries such as Europe, North America, and the UK and seem to have stabilized, while the rates of IBD are rising in many developing countries. The disease intensity can vary between mild to severe. The clinical symptoms in UC comprise bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and malabsorption.

Although there has been huge progress concerning the pathogenesis of the disease within the last years, the main causes of UC still remain unclear. Environmental factors, immunologic factors, and genetic susceptibility seem to partly contribute to the development of chronic inflammation in the gut.^2,3

Conventional therapy

A few years ago, the therapy of moderate UC consisted of mesalazine, administered orally and locally; the use of immunomodulators, such as thiopurines; and, in refractory cases, steroids; surgery was the final option to control the disease. As well, in a steroid-refractory patient, cyclosporines could be helpful.⁴

Due to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms, the approval of antitumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) medication changed the therapy algorithm in UC. Primarily, infliximab, a chimeric anti-TNF antibody given intravenously, made its way to clinics.⁵ The Active Ulcerative Colitis Trials (ACT) 1 and 2 revealed a rapid response to infliximab with respect to clinical response, mucosal healing and long-term clinical remission. The side effects of infliximab, such as infectious complications or infusion reactions, were reported to be similar in all the study groups (infliximab 5 mg/kg, infliximab 10 mg/kg or placebo) and to be acceptable and comparable with those of placebo.^6,7 Colectomy rates were lower in both infliximab-treated groups compared with those in the placebo group, at week 54.⁸

Similar to Crohn’s disease, adalimumab, a fully human monoclonal anti-TNF antibody, was also approved for the therapy of moderate to severe UC patients, in Europe in early 2012. The Ulcerative Colitis Long-Term Remission and Maintenance with Adalimumab studies (ULTRA-1 and ULTRA-2) clearly demonstrated the benefit of a therapy with adalimumab with respect to induction of remission as well as its role in maintenance at week 8 and week 52. The treatment with adalimumab subcutaneous (sc) was generally well tolerated. Mostly injection site reactions were reported, but also, malignancies (one squamous cell carcinoma and one gastric cancer in the adalimumab-treated group) were described.⁹

Current treatment goals in the treatment of UC have changed from symptom control to a modern, more aggressive therapy agenda targeting, again, symptom control but also, mucosal healing, long-term remission, reduction of steroid use, and decreased colectomy rates.

Despite clear progress and change in the therapy of UC, only about two-thirds of all patients respond to a conventional therapy with infliximab or adalimumab.^6,9 For those patients not responding or losing response while being on therapy, further medical options are strongly needed. Golimumab, a new member of the anti-TNF family, seems to be a promising new medical treatment option in the therapy of ulcerative colitis.

Golimumab

Golimumab is a human anti-TNF monoclonal antibody binding soluble and transmembrane TNF-α (therefore, the binding of TNF to its receptors, with consequent activation of inflammation, is inhibited). It is administered subcutaneously.

Since 2009, the therapy of golimumab has been approved for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, in Europe.

Golimumab has shown efficacy in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis when given as treatment in addition to oral methotrexate therapy^10,11 or as a single treatment regimen.¹² The symptoms of patients with psoriatic arthritis were significantly improved with the treatment of golimumab over 6 months.¹³

Compared with other anti-TNF agents, side effects in those patients were similar, and golimumab was regarded to be safe in those patients.¹⁴

Induction therapy

For patients with UC, an important step forward was taken with the Program of Ulcerative Colitis Research Studies Utilizing an Investigational Treatment (PURSUIT) subcutanous study investigating new therapeutic options.¹⁵ This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II trial, conducted between 2007 and 2010. Patients with moderate to severe UC were included, presenting with a Mayo score ranging from 6–12. Patients had not yet received any anti-TNF medication at the time of inclusion. This Phase II trial was aimed to be a dose-finding study. A total of 169 patients were enrolled, in four subgroups: placebo, or golimumab with 100/50 mg (weeks 0 and 2), 200/100 mg, and 400/200 mg by sc administration. After 6 weeks of treatment, most patients in the golimumab 400/200 mg sc group had responded or showed a benefit concerning mucosal healing (Figure 1). The authors described an exposure–response relationship in the Mayo score, with best improvement in the patients who received 400/200 mg of golimumab. Adverse events were rather similar in the placebo- and golimumab-treated groups, being mostly infectious problems or headache. One patient died due to surgical complications, and another patient was reported to have a demyelinating disease. Therefore, the 400/200 mg as well as the 200/100 mg application doses were selected to be evaluated in the following Phase III trial.

Figure 1 Golimumab responses in patients with UC to golimumab or placebo at week 6 (clinical response).

Note: Reprinted from Gastroenterology, 146(1), Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, et al, Subcutaneous golimumab induces clinical response and remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis, 85–95, Copyright © (2014), with permission from Elsevier.¹⁵
Abbreviation: UC, ulcerative colitis.

The aim of the second part of the PURSUIT-SC study – based on the data of the Phase II trial – was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the final sc golimumab induction regimens.¹⁵ A total of 771 patients were eligible and initially randomized in three groups in the Phase III trial: placebo; golimumab 400/200 mg and golimumab 200/100 mg. The endpoint of this Phase III trial was clinical response at week 6. The golimumab-treated patients had significantly greater clinical response (51.8% for golimumab 200/100 mg and 55.0% for golimumab 400/200 mg) than did the patients receiving placebo (29.7%) (P<0.0001).

Maintenance therapy

In their Phase III multicenter study, Sandborn et al investigated the effect of golimumab for maintenance in patients with moderate UC, including those patients having completed the induction trials (PURSUIT) successfully. A total of 1,228 patients were included in three groups, depending on their initial response status: placebo, 50 mg golimumab every 4 weeks, and 100 mg golimumab every 4 weeks, for 1 year.¹⁵ Response rates were calculated via a decrease of Mayo score, at weeks 0, 30, and 54. The primary endpoint was defined by the clinical response and maintenance at week 54. The secondary aims were clinical remission as well as mucosal healing (week 30 and 54). Again, the golimumab-treated patients had significantly greater maintenance of clinical response through week 54 compared with placebo (100 mg: 50.6%; 50 mg: 47.1%; and placebo: 31.4%) (P<0.001) (Figure 2). Clinical remission, at weeks 30 and 54 was significantly higher in patients receiving 100 mg (28.6%) or 50 mg (23.5%) golimumab compared with placebo (15.4%). However, only remission for the 100 mg golimumab-treated group was statistically significant (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Clinical response, clinical remission, and mucosal healing, with golimumab in the maintenance therapy.

Note: Reprinted from Gastroenterology, 146(1), Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, et al, Subcutaneous golimumab maintains clinical response in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis, 96–109. e1, Copyright © (2014), with permission from Elsevier.¹⁶

Accordingly, mucosal healing was significantly higher in the golimumab-treated patients (100 mg: 43.5%; 50 mg: 41.8%) compared with placebo (26.9%) (Figure 2).

Concerning the safety profile, infectious problems as well as adverse events were similar for all the treatment groups. Three deaths were reported in patients taking 100 mg golimumab (malnutrition and sepsis; cardiac failure; and disseminated tuberculosis) at week 54. Afterwards, six further deaths were documented (infectious problems, cardiac problems, cancer, and accidental nitrous oxide overdose). Overall, the authors concluded that golimumab offers a huge benefit in the maintenance of UC over 54 weeks compared with placebo.¹⁶

Conclusion

With these data, golimumab seems to be an alternative and new medical option in the therapy of moderate UC. It was effective in early remission as well as in long-term maintenance therapy. The safety profile in patients with UC is acceptable. However, one needs to keep in mind that one patient suffered demyelinating disease, and the occurrence of infectious problems is similar to that with other anti-TNF agents.

In 2011, a case report of three patients showed a negative effect of golimumab in resolving a flare in patients with CD and extraintestinal manifestations.¹⁷ So far, the data of golimumab in patients with CD are lacking, and we are waiting for further studies to be published. Additionally, in UC patients, the comparison of which anti-TNF medications works best in first, second, or third place remains unclear. So at this point, doctors need to discuss with patients on an individual basis which of the anti-TNF medication should be started first and which administration format fits best in their period of life. Especially the 4-week administration schedule of golimumab is a clear advantage compared with a 2-week schedule of adalimumab; however, a doctor’s appointment for the infliximab infusion might be preferred by patients, especially at younger age.

Thus, a new anti-TNF agent, golimumab, has made its way into clinics to improve and complement the treatment options for patients with UC.

Disclosure

The authors declare no conflict of interest in this work.