Validation of the French version of the London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale and the Dyspnea-12 questionnaire

Abstract

Introduction

Eighty percent of COPD patients experience dyspnea during activities of daily life (ADL). To the best of our knowledge, the Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) dyspnea scale is the only validated scale designed to quantify dyspnea during ADL available in the French language. Two other instruments are only available in English versions: the London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL) scale that allows a specific evaluation of dyspnea during ADL and the Dyspnea-12 questionnaire that evaluates the affective (emotional) and sensory components of dyspnea in daily life. The aim of this study was to translate and validate French versions of both LCADL and Dyspnea-12 questionnaires and to determine the reliability of these versions for the evaluation of dyspnea in severe to very severe COPD patients.

Methods

Both translation and cultural adaptation were based on Beaton’s recommendations. Fifty consecutive patients completed the French version of LCADL and Dyspnea-12 and other questionnaires (MMRC, Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire [SGRQ], Hospital Anxiety and Depression [HAD]), at a 2-week interval. Internal consistency, validity, and reliability of LCADL and Dyspnea-12 were evaluated.

Results

The French version of LCADL and Dyspnea-12 demonstrated good internal consistency with Cronbach’s α of, respectively, 0.84 and 0.91. LCADL was correlated significantly with item activity of SGRQ (ρ=0.55, p<0.001), total score of SGRQ (ρ=0.63, p<0.001), item impact of SGRQ (ρ=0.57, p<0.001), and HAD-depression (HAD-D) (ρ=0.47, p=0.001); and Dyspnea-12 was correlated significantly with MMRC (ρ=0.39, p<0.001), HAD-anxiety (ρ=0.64, p<0.001), and HAD-D (ρ=0.64, p<0.001). The French version of LCADL and Dyspnea-12 demonstrated good test–retest reliability with, respectively, intraclass coefficient =0.84 (p<0.001) and 0.91 (p<0.001).

Conclusion

The French versions of LCADL and Dyspnea-12 questionnaires are promising tools to evaluate dyspnea in severe to very severe COPD patients.

Keywords:

• COPD
• dyspnea
• evaluation
• physiotherapy
• quality of life

Introduction

COPD is characterized by a permanent and progressive obstruction of airways, inflammation, and systemic manifestations.¹ During COPD progression, muscle, cardiovascular, psychological, nutritional, bone, or neurological impairments may appear.² Breathlessness, the main symptom presented by COPD patients,³ results from bronchial and parenchyma alterations and peripheral muscle changes, all alterations that contribute dramatically to the disability of COPD patients.^3,4

Activities of daily life (ADL) are defined as all movements performed every day by a person with the aim of taking care of himself/herself for participation in social life.^5,6 COPD patients report important difficulties during ADL. In a study of Polatlı et al,⁷ the vast majority of COPD patients interviewed mentioned a negative impact of their disease on their ADL. Garrod et al⁸ showed that ~80% of COPD patients interviewed experienced dyspnea during ADL. The most frequently altered ADL are walking and getting upstairs, followed by sexual activity, domestic tasks, and personal care.^7,9,10 Dyspnea and fatigue are the main causes of these limitations, particularly in ADL involving upper limbs.⁴ To the best of our knowledge, the Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) scale is the only validated scale in French language to evaluate the functional status of dyspnea in ADL.¹¹ However, this scale is moderately sensitive to changes and explores a limited part of ADL (mainly walking). The London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL) scale allows evaluating dyspnea in the current ADL performed by patients. The Dyspnea-12 questionnaire¹² allows evaluating the affective (emotional) and sensory components of dyspnea. In COPD patients, Garrod et al and Yorke et al showed that LCADL^8,13 and Dyspnea-12 were valid and reliable questionnaires.^12,14 Moreover, LCADL was responsive to improvement following pulmonary rehabilitation. While LCADL was developed in English⁸ and was translated and validated in Portuguese and Spanish,^15–17 there is no translated and validated version in French language. Similarly, Dyspnea-12 questionnaire is only validated in English.¹²

The aim of this study was thus to develop and to validate a French version of both LCADL and Dyspnea-12 questionnaires and to assess the reliability of these versions for the evaluation of dyspnea in severe and very severe COPD patients.

Methods

Ethics statement

The study was approved by the local ethic board (CPP Ouest 6 – CPP 886 – Soins courants; RCB: 2015-A00631-48) on June 2015 and registered (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT2555202). All patients provided written informed consent.

Procedure

Translation and cultural adaptation were based on Beaton’s recommendations.¹⁸ Initial translation was realized independently by two native French speakers (FC and MB), with permission to translate and use the questionnaires obtained from the authors of the original versions. A synthesis of the two translations was realized to end in a common version. The translation return (from French toward English) was performed by an independent English native speaker (SN), unaware of the original questionnaires, in order to check accuracy.

A version of each translation was tried and discussed with 10 patients to raise concerns about whether the sentences used were understood. Patients found them comprehensible completing both questionnaires and no patient hadany queries about the sentences used in these two translations. This final version was thus used in the present study (Supplementary materials).

Protocol

To test the validity and reliability of both questionnaires, we only used the instruments which were used for the development of each questionnaire.^13,14,19

Validity

Internal consistency and validity of the French version of LCADL and Dyspnea-12 were estimated at the time COPD patients paid their annual visit to the outpatient clinic.

For LCADL, the primary end point was the correlation of LCADL with activity’s score of Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), as it was used for the original validation of LCADL.⁸ Secondary end points were the correlation of LCADL with the total score of SGRQ, impact’s score of SGRQ, MMRC scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale – item anxiety (HAD-A) and item depression (HAD-D), as it was used for the original validation of LCADL.

For Dyspnea-12, the primary end point was the correlation of Dyspnea-12 with MMRC scale¹² as it was used for the original validation of Dyspnea-12. Secondary end points were the comparison of Dyspnea-12 with HAD scale – item anxiety and item depression, FEV₁, as it was used for the original validation of Dyspnea-12.

Reliability

Reliability of the French version of LCADL and Dyspnea-12 was estimated by the method of test–retest over a period of 15 days. Patients filled in LCADL and Dyspnea-12 questionnaires and the other questionnaires (MMRC, SGRQ, and HAD) during outpatient clinic visits. Participants were provided with a copy of all questionnaires and were asked to fill them all out 15 days later at home and to mail them back.

LCADL scale

This 15-item, self-administered questionnaire has been developed by Garrod et al.¹⁹ It allows an evaluation of dyspnea in patients with COPD during daily activities divided into four components: self-care, domestic, physical, and leisure. Patients could score from 0: “I would not do anyway” to 5: “I need someone else to do this”. LCADL score is calculated by aggregating the points assigned to each question, with a higher score representing maximal disability.

Dyspnea-12

This 12-item self-administered questionnaire^12,14 measures dyspnea severity in both its physical and affective components, independently from activity limitation. Patients score ranges from “none” (corresponding to score 0) to “severe” (score 3). Dyspnea-12 score is calculated by aggregating the points assigned to each question; the higher the score, the greater the severity.

SGRQ

SGRQ is a reliable measure of health status in COPD patients²⁰ and has been validated in French language.²¹ It is sensitive to changes in health status over time²² and a minimal clinical important difference (MCID) has been proposed.^23,24 SGRQ consists of 50 items with four scores: symptoms, activity, psychosocial impact, and a total score. The highest score at 100 represents the maximal negative impact of COPD on quality of life.

MMRC dyspnea scale

MMRC dyspnea scale is the first self-administered scale which assesses the impact of dyspnea on ADL.²⁵ It consists of five grades increasing in severity of chronic respiratory disease¹¹ from “I only get breathless with strenuous exercise” to “I am too breathless to leave the house or I am breathless when dressing or undressing.”

HAD scale

It is a validated self-administered scale used for assessing psychological distress. It was validated in French language.²⁶ It consists of 14 items, seven for evaluating anxiety and seven for depression, with a score ranging from 0 to 21 for each domain. HAD-anxiety or HAD-depression score ≥11^27,28 suggests significant anxiety or depression. A MCID has been proposed.²⁹

Study population

All COPD patients attending the outpatient clinic for their annual follow-up in the pulmonology unit of Morlaix Hospital Centre were eligible for the study if they were diagnosed with severe or very severe COPD, according to Global initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guideline’s criteria,³⁰ and able to complete questionnaires in French language. Exclusion criteria were COPD exacerbation in the previous month or during the 15 days following inclusion, and absence of written informed consent. To assess stability of the disease, we questioned patients about acute exacerbation between test and retest.

Sample size

For the analysis of reliability, according to Walter et al,³¹ by considering an intraclass coefficient (ICC) of 0.8 as being acceptable, 46 subjects were required. Taking into account a 10% proportion of unreturned questionnaires, the total sample size was set to 50 patients.

Statistical analysis

A descriptive analysis was performed for demographic parameters and for questionnaires results. The internal consistency of LCADL and Dyspnea-12 was assessed using Cronbach’s α coefficient. The validity of LCADL and Dyspnea-12 was measured using Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation between, respectively, the score of the French version of LCADL and item activity’s score of SGRQ, total score of SGRQ, item impact’s score of SGRQ, MMRC scale, and HAD scale; and the score of the French version of Dyspnea-12 and MMRC scale, HAD scale, and FEV₁.

Floor and ceiling effects were verified if at least 15% of participants reached the lowest or the highest score, respectively. The test–retest reliability was evaluated using ICC for agreement and agreement was estimated using Bland–Altman method.

All tests were two-tailed, with a statistical significance level fixed at a p-value of 0.05. The data were computed using SPSS 20.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

Fifty consecutive patients met the inclusion criteria and completed the French version of LCADL and Dyspnea-12, and the others questionnaires (MMRC, SGRQ, and HAD) (Figure 1). Two patients were excluded because they had acute exacerbation in the 15 days following inclusion. Forty-eight patients completed the second set of questionnaires for the test–retest assessment. Demographic items, clinical data, and initial results of the questionnaires are reported in Table 1.

Table 1 Baseline patient characteristics and values of initial questionnaires

	Total	GOLD stage 3	GOLD stage 4
N	50	28	22
Age (years)	66.7±7.8	68.8±8.3	66.32±7.0
Weight (kg)	73.2±19.6	73.7±20.6	72.6±18.6
Height (m)	167±10.2	164.4±9.9	169.6±10.0
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.2±6.2	27.2±7.0	25.0±4.9
FEV1/FVC (%)	48.6±10.5	52.3±8.8	42.9±8.6
FEV1 (% pred)	35.7±8.8	41.1±6.2	28.7±6.4
RV (% pred)	212.4±82.9	207.0±95.1	219.9±63.4
TLC (% pred)	119.9±35.2	120.3±41.1	119.4±26.0
RV/TLC (% pred)	166.8±28.0	161.6±30.2	174.0±23.4
MMRC	2.2±1.4	1.9±1.3	2.6±1.4
SGRQ – total	49.5±16.7	45.9±16.1	54.0±16.8
SGRQ symptoms	52.1±23.2	50.1±22.5	54.7±24.3
SGRQ activity	70.8±19.5	66.8±17.0	76.0±21.7
SGRQ impact	36.1±19.0	32.6±18.6	40.6±19.0
HAD-depression	6.6±3.9	6.5±4.0	6.7±3.7
Score: 0–7 (n)	24	17	12
Score: 8–10 (n)	12	6	6
Score ≥11 (n)	9	5	4
HAD-anxiety	6.5±4.1	6.5±4.0	6.6±4.3
Score: 0–7 (n)	34	20	12
Score: 8–10 (n)	7	4	6
Score ≥11 (n)	9	4	4
LCADL	25.9±12.4	24.5±12.6	27.6±12.2
Dyspnea-12	14.5±9.1	13.2±10.4	16.2±6.9

Note: Values are expressed as mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: N, number; BMI, body mass index; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; % pred, percentage of predictive value; RV, residual volume; TLC, total lung volume; MMRC, Modified Medical Research Council; SGRQ, Saint-George’s Respiratory Questionnaire; HAD, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; LCADL, London Chest Activity of Daily Living; GOLD, Global initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease.

Figure 1 Study flow diagram.

LCADL

The French version of LCADL demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.84) and good test–retest reliability (ICC=0.84 [95% CI 0.72–0.91], p<0.001) (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Bland–Altman plot of total score of LCADL.

Notes: Solid lines represent bias means; upper and lower dashed lines represent upper and lower limits of agreement, respectively.
Abbreviations: LCADL, London Chest Activity of Daily Living questionnaire; LCADL_1, LCADL filled out at the first consultation; LCADL_2, LCADL filled out 15 days later.

LCADL score was significantly correlated with activity’s score of SGRQ (ρ=0.55, p<0.001), total score of SGRQ (ρ=0.63, p<0.001), impact’s score of SGRQ (ρ=0.57, p<0.001), HAD-D (ρ=0.47, p=0.001), but not with MMRC (ρ=0.28, p=0.05) nor with HAD-A (ρ=0.24, p=0.09).

Dyspnea-12

The French version of Dyspnea-12 demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.91) and good test–retest reliability (ICC=0.91 [95% CI 0.84–0.95], p<0.001) (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Bland–Altman plot of total score of Dyspnea-12.

Notes: Solid lines represent bias means; upper and lower dashed line represent upper and lower limits of agreement, respectively.
Abbreviations: D-12, Dyspnea-12; D-12_1, Dyspnea-12 filled out at the first consultation; D-12_2, Dyspnea-12 filled out 15 days later.

It was significantly correlated with MMRC (ρ=0.39, p<0.001), HAD-A (ρ=0.64, p<0.001), HAD-D (ρ=0.64, p<0.001), but not with FEV₁ (ρ=−0.22, p=0.13). The analysis of the scores distribution in our patients’ population revealed an absence of ceiling and floor effects for LCADL and Dyspnea-12 with <3% of patients having the lowest or highest scores.

Discussion

This study shows good validity and internal consistency for both French versions of LCADL and Dyspnea-12. The test–retest reliability was verified for the translated versions of both questionnaires. These results contribute to a proper validation of our French version of these two instruments in severe or very severe COPD patients.

The results of the primary end points (SGRQ item activity for LCADL and MMRC for Dyspnea-12) obtained in our study are in agreement with the initial validation of both questionnaires LCADL and Dyspnea-12. For LCADL, the value of correlation with quality of life, assessed by means of the SGRQ, is lower than that observed in the original English validation. The fact that dyspnea is not the sole cause of alteration of quality of life in COPD can partly explain these findings.

For the secondary end points, some differences appeared in our study: LCADL was neither correlated with MMRC nor with HAD-A and Dyspnea-12 was not correlated with FEV₁. As regards MMRC, the correlation failed to reach statistical significance, as was the case for the validation of the Spanish version.¹⁷ MMRC is widely used in clinical care but might be less discriminating than LCADL. Indeed, LCADL explores more situations than MMRC and that can explain the lack of correlation between these scales. As regards HAD, Garrod et al⁸ reported a significant correlation between LCADL and HAD-A but not with HAD-D. In our study, we found the opposite – a significant correlation between LCADL and HAD-D but not with HAD-A. Our patients had more severe disease according to GOLD and were younger than those studied by Garrod et al. Prevalence of depression increases with increasing COPD severity.³² Conversely, anxiety is more in older adults.³³ These trends can explain differences between our results and those of Garrod et al.

For Dyspnea-12, we found no correlation with FEV₁; in our study, we included only severe or very severe COPD patients and that can explain this absence of correlation. Earlier studies on this topic found conflicting results.^34–38 Indeed, a lot of patients can present moderate COPD and very high disability. In contrast, patients with severe COPD can too exhibit moderate disability.

The results of this study have a clinical impact for French speaking COPD patients, which represent a large population. Dyspnea is the major symptom reported by COPD patients^39,40 and the main reason for referral. Recent advances in the knowledge on the mechanisms of dyspnea⁴¹ highlight the interest of an evaluation that takes into account three domains:⁴² sensory or physical, affective, and impact.⁴³ This complete evaluation gives more information and allows a better understanding of the causes and mechanisms of dyspnea, in the aim to treat it optimally. This is clearly mentioned in the American Thoracic Society statement about update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea.⁴³

French validation of LCADL and Dyspnea-12 enables evaluating the impact of dyspnea and measuring sensory and affective components of dyspnea in daily living, respectively. With the recent validation of the multidimensional dyspnea profile,⁴⁴ French respiratory caregivers and researchers can handle different tools enabling an indepth evaluation of dyspnea.

Our study had some limitations: first, we only included severe or very severe COPD patients from a single center to validate the Dyspnea-12 scale. Second, it could also be interesting to make use of the coefficient of determination (r²) that might be more useful to assess the degree of variation in one score, as is explained by the other.⁴⁵ The choice of Pearson’s r in our study was driven for use for the original validation of Dyspnea-12.

In conclusion, the French versions of LCADL and Dyspnea-12 are valid and reproducible to evaluate dyspnea in severe or very severe COPD patients.

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Society Orkyn for the financial support and especially Mrs Nadine Morel (Orkyn) for her help. We thank Miss Swathi Narayan for the translation of the questionnaires. We thank Pr Leroyer for help with the English language.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.