Gaming Behavior Among Conscripts: The Role of Lower Psychosocial Well-Being Factors in Explaining Gaming Addiction

References

• Allison, S. E., von Wahlde, L., Shockley, T., & Gabbard, G. O. (2006). The development of the self in the era of the internet and role-playing fantasy games. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 381–385. 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12, 353–359. 10.1111/1467-9280.00366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauminger, N., & Kasari, C. (2000). Loneliness and friendship in high-functioning children with autism. Child Development, 71, 447–456. 10.1111/1467-8624.00156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaszczynski, A., McConaghy, N., & Frankova, A. (1990). Boredom proneness in pathological gambling. Psychological Reports, 67, 35–42. 10.2466/pr0.1990.67.1.35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaszczynski, A., & Nower, L. (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 97, 487–499. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonasio, A. (2008). Not all fun and war games. The Escapist, 167, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Borud, E. K. (2016). Helse for Stridsevne 2016 - Nøkkeltall og vurderinger fra Forsvarets helseregister ( Annual report from the Norwegian Armed Forces Health Registry 2016). Sessvollmoen, Norway: Forsvarets Sanitet.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R. I. F. (1993). Some contributions of the study of gambling to the study of other addictions. In W. R. Eadington & J. Cornelius (Eds.), Gambling behavior and problem gambling (pp. 241–272). Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brunborg, G. S., Mentzoni, R. A., & Frøyland, L. R. (2014). Is video gaming, or video game addiction, associated with depression, academic achievement, heavy episodic drinking, or conduct problems? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3, 27–32. 10.1556/JBA.3.2014.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunborg, G. S., Mentzoni, R. A., Molde, H., Myrseth, H., Skouverøe, K. J. M., Bjorvatn, B., & Pallesen, S. (2011). The relationship between media use in the bedroom, sleep habits and symptoms of insomnia. Journal of Sleep Research, 20, 569–575. 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00913.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chappell, D., Eatough, V., Davies, M. N. O., & Griffiths, M. (2006). EverQuest–It’s just a computer game right? An interpretative phenomenological analysis of online gaming addiction. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 4, 205–216. 10.1007/s11469-006-9028-6
   Google Scholar
• Charlton, J. P. (2002). A factor-analytic investigation of computer ‘addiction’ and engagement. British Journal of Psychology, 93, 329–344. 10.1348/000712602760146242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, S. I., Lee, J. Z., & Huang, D. H. (2004). Video game addiction in children and teenagers in Taiwan. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7, 571–581. 10.1089/cpb.2004.7.571
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collins, J. M. (1998). Military geography. For professionals and the public. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press.
   Google Scholar
• DiClemente, C. C. (2003). Addiction and change. How addictions develop and addicted people recover. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer, R., & Sundberg, N. D. (1986). Boredom proneness—The development and correlates of a new scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 50, 4–17. 10.1207/s15327752jpa5001_2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festl, R., Scharkow, M., & Quandt, T. (2013). Problematic computer game use among adolescents, younger and older adults. Addiction, 108, 592–599. 10.1111/add.12016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flin, R. (1996). Sitting in the hot seat: Leaders and teams for critical incident management. Chichester, United Kingdom: Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Flory, J. D., Pytte, C. L., Hurd, Y., Ferrell, R. E., & Manuck, S. B. (2011). Alcohol dependence, disinhibited behavior and variation in the prodynorphin gene. Biological Psychology, 88, 51–56. 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile, D. (2009). Pathological video-game use among youth ages 8 to 18: A national study. Psychological Science, 20, 594–602. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02340.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile, D. A., Choo, H., Liau, A., Sim, T., Li, D., Fung, D., & Khoo, A. (2011). Pathological video game use among youths: A two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics, 127, e319–e329. 10.1542/peds.2010-1353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilliland, J. A., & Ross, N. A. (2005). Opportunities for video lottery terminal gambling in Montréal: An environmental analysis. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96, 55–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, M. D. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10, 191–197. 10.1080/14659890500114359
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, M. D. (2009). The psychology of addictive behaviour. In M. Cardwell, L. Clark, C. Meldrum, & A. Waddely (Eds.), Psychology for A2 level (pp. 436–471). London, England: Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Grüsser, S. M., Thalemann, R., & Griffiths, M. D. (2007). Excessive computer game playing: Evidence for addiction and aggression? CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10, 290–292. 10.1089/cpb.2006.9956
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hesbacher, P. T., Rickels, K., Morris, R. J., Newman, H., & Rosenfeld, H. (1980). Psychiatric illness in family practice. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 6–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2009). Excessive use of massively-multi-player online role-playing games: A pilot study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 7, 563–571. 10.1007/s11469-009-9202-8
   Google Scholar
• Jones, G. (2002). Killing monsters: Why children need fantasy, super heroes, and make-believe violence. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J., LaRose, R., & Peng, W. (2009). Loneliness as the cause and the effect of problematic Internet use: The relationship between Internet use and psychological well-being. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12, 451–455. 10.1089/cpb.2008.0327
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King, D. L., & Delfabbro, P. (2009). Motivational differences in problem video game play. Journal of Cyber Therapy and Rehabilitation, 2, 139–149.
   Google Scholar
• Køber, P. K. (2015). Velger Forsvaret de rette ungdommene? Analyse av seleksjon, gjennomføring og frafall i førstegangstjeneste 2010–2014 (Does the Armed Forces choose the right adolescents? Analyses of selection, accomplishment and drop out from conscription 2010–2014). Oslo, Norway: Forsvarets Forsknings Institutt.
   Google Scholar
• Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Online gaming addiction in children and adolescents: A review of empirical research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 1, 3–22. 10.1556/JBA.1.2012.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Internet addiction in psychotherapy. London, England: Palgrave. 10.1057/9781137465078
   Google Scholar
• La Porte, T. R. (1996). High reliability organizations: Unlikely, demanding and at risk. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 4, 60–71. 10.1111/j.1468-5973.1996.tb00078.x
   Google Scholar
• Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Development and validation of a game addiction scale for adolescents. Media Psychology, 12, 77–95. 10.1080/15213260802669458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2011). Psychosocial causes and consequences of pathological gaming. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 144–152. 10.1016/j.chb.2010.07.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathers, M., Canterford, L., Olds, T., Hesketh, K., Ridley, K., & Wake, M. (2009). Electronic media use and adolescent health and well-being: Cross-sectional community study. Academic Pediatrics, 9, 307–314. 10.1016/j.acap.2009.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehroof, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2010). Online gaming addiction: The role of sensation seeking, self-control, neuroticism, aggression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. CyberPsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 313–316. 10.1089/cyber.2009.0229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mentzoni, R. A., Brunborg, G. S., Molde, H., Myrseth, H., Skouverøe, K. J. M., & Pallesen, S. (2011). Problem video game use: Estimated prevalence and correlates to mental and physical health. CyberPsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 591–596. 10.1089/cyber.2010.0260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer, K. B., & Eastwood, J. D. (2010). Is boredom associated with problem gambling behaviour? It depends on what you mean by ‘boredom’. International Gambling Studies, 10, 91–104. 10.1080/14459791003754414
   Google Scholar
• Mercer-Lynn, K. B., Bar, R. J., & Eastwood, J. D. (2014). Causes of boredom: The person, the situation, or both? Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 122–126. 10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer-Lynn, K. B., Hunter, J. A., & Eastwood, J. D. (2013). Is trait boredom redundant? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32, 897–916. 10.1521/jscp.2013.32.8.897
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milosevic, A., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2010). The subtyping of pathological gambling: A comprehensive review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 988–998. 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, B. D., & Wiemer-Hastings, P. (2005). Addiction to the internet and online gaming. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8, 110–113. 10.1089/cpb.2005.8.110
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nilsen, L. B. (2010). Avkobling eller avhengighet? Soldatnytt, 03, 10–11.
   Google Scholar
• Orvis, K. A., Horn, D. B., & Belanich, J. (2009). An examination of the role individual differences play in videogame-based training. Military Psychology, 21, 461–481. 10.1080/08995600903206412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orvis, K. A., Moore, J. C., Belanich, J., Murphy, J. S., & Horn, D. B. (2010). Are soldiers gamers? Videogame usage among soldiers and implications for the effective use of serious videogames for military training. Military Psychology, 22, 143–157. 10.1080/08995600903417225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallesen, S., Hanss, D., Mentzoni, R. A., Molde, H., & Morken, A. M. (2014). Omfang av penge- og dataspillproblemer i Norge 2013 (Prevalence of gambling and gaming problems in Norway 2013). Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons, J. M. (2005). An examination of massively multiplayer online role-playing games as facilitator of internet addiction. Dissertation Abstracts International, 66, 8-B.
   Google Scholar
• Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy. New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience.
   Google Scholar
• Prensky, M. (2001). Digital game-based learning. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Primack, B. A., Swanier, B., Georgiopoulos, A. M., Land, S. R., & Fine, M. J. (2009). Association between media use in adolescence and depression in young adulthood: A longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 181–188. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, H., Rao, P. L., & Zong, H. Q. (2007). A study of factors leading to online game addiction. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 15, 155–160.
   Google Scholar
• Rehbein, F., Kleimann, M., & Mössle, T. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors of video game dependency in adolescence: Results of a German nationwide survey. CyberPsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 269–277. 10.1089/cyber.2009.0227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, R. E., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1993). A brief measure of loneliness suitable for use with adolescents. Psychological Reports, 72, 1379–1391. 10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3c.1379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochlin, G. I., La Porte, T. R., & Roberts, K. H. (1998). The self-designing high-reliability organization: Aircraft carrier flight operations at sea. Naval War College Review, 51, 97–113.
   Google Scholar
• Rush, B., Veldhuizen, S., & Adlaf, E. (2007). Mapping the prevalence of problem gambling and its association with treatment accessibility and proximity to gambling venues. Journal of Gambling Issues, 20, 193–213. 10.4309/jgi.2007.20.6
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., Rigby, C. S., & Przybylski, A. (2006). The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 344–360. 10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seay, A. F., & Kraut, R. E. (2007). Project massive: Self-regulation and problematic use of online gaming. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the ACM conference on human factors in computing systems, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Seo, M., Kang, H. S., & Yom, Y. H. (2009). Internet addiction and interpersonal problems in Korean adolescents. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 411–418.
   Google Scholar
• Sloane, S. (2008). From gamers to soldiers: War games in the modern military. The Escapist, 167, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Sommers, J., & Vodanovich, S. J. (2000). Boredom proneness: Its relationship to psychological- and physical-health symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 149–155. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200001)56:1<149::AID-JCLP14>3.0.CO;2-Y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tambs, K., & Moum, T. (1993). How well can a few questionnaire items indicate anxiety and depression? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87, 364–367. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03388.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vodanovich, S. J., Verner, K. M., & Gilbride, T. V. (1991). Boredom proneness: Its relationship to positive and negative affect. Psychological Reports, 69, 1139–1146. 10.2466/pr0.1991.69.3f.1139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vodanovich, S. J., Wallace, J. C., & Kass, S. J. (2005). A confirmatory approach to the factor structure of the Boredom Proneness Scale: Evidence for a two-factor short form. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85, 295–303. 10.1207/s15327752jpa8503_05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogus, T. J., Rothman, N. B., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Weick, K. E. (2014). The affective foundations of high-reliability organizing. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 592–596. 10.1002/job.1922
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan, C. S., & Chiou, W. B. (2006a). Psychological motives and online games addiction: A test of flow theory and humanistic needs theory for Taiwanese adolescents. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9, 317–324. 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.317
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wan, C. S., & Chiou, W. B. (2006b). Why are adolescents addicted to online gaming? An interview study in Taiwan. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9, 762–766. 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.762
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinstein, A., Feder, L. C., Rosenberg, K. P., & Dannon, P. (2014). Internet addiction disorder: Overview and controversies. In K. P. Rosenberg & L. C. Feder (Eds.), Behavioral addictions: Criteria, evidence, and treatment (pp. 99–117). London, England: Academic Press. 10.1016/B978-0-12-407724-9.00005-7
   Google Scholar
• Wenzel, H. G., Bakken, I. J., Johansson, A., Götestam, K. G., & Øren, A. (2009). Excessive computer game playing among Norwegian adults: Self-reported consequences of playing and association with mental health problems. Psychological Reports, 105, 1237–1247. 10.2466/PR0.105.F.1237-1247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee, N. (2006). Motivations for play in online games. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9, 772–775. 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.772
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1, 237–244. 10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
   Google Scholar
• Young, K. S., & Rogers, R. C. (1998). The relationship between depression and internet addiction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1, 25–28. 10.1089/cpb.1998.1.25
   Google Scholar