Long term changes in health complaints after removal of amalgam restorations

References

• Anusavice KJ, Phillips RW, Shen C, et al. Phillips' science of dental materials. 12th ed. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Abraham JE, Svare CW, Frank CW. The effect of dental amalgam restorations on blood mercury levels. J Dent Res. 1984;63:71–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglund A, Pohl L, Olsson S, et al. Determination of the rate of release of intra-oral mercury vapor from amalgam. J Dent Res. 1988;67:1235–1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkman L, Lind B. Factors influencing mercury evaporation rate from dental amalgam fillings. Scand J Dent Res. 1992;100:354–360.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gay DD, Cox RD, Reinhardt JW. Chewing releases mercury from fillings. Lancet. 1979;1:985–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svare CW, Peterson LC, Reinhardt JW, et al. The effect of dental amalgams on mercury levels in expired air. J Dent Res. 1981;60:1668–1671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkman L, Sandborgh-Englund G, Ekstrand J. Mercury in saliva and feces after removal of amalgam fillings. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997;144:156–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lygre GB, Høl PJ, Eide R, et al. Mercury and silver in saliva from subjects with symptoms self-related to amalgam fillings. Clin Oral Investig. 1999;3:216–218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berlin M, Zalups RK, Fowler BA. Mercury. In: Nordberg GF, Fowler BA, Nordberg M, editors. Handbook on the toxicology of metals. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2014. p. 1013–1075.
   Google Scholar
• Hahn LJ, Kloiber R, Vimy MJ, et al. Dental “silver” tooth fillings: a source of mercury exposure revealed by whole-body image scan and tissue analysis. FASEB J. 1989;3:2641–2646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willershausen-Zonnchen B, Zimmermann M, Defregger A, et al. Mercury concentration in the mouth mucosa of patients with amalgam fillings. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1992;117:1743–1747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skare I, Engqvist A. Human exposure to mercury and silver released from dental amalgam restorations. Arch Environ Health. 1994;49:384–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmer H, Ludwig H, Bader M, et al. Determination of mercury in blood, urine and saliva for the biological monitoring of an exposure from amalgam fillings in a group with self-reported adverse health effects. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2002;205:205–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danscher G, Horsted-Bindslev P, Rungby J. Traces of mercury in organs from primates with amalgam fillings. Exp Mol Pathol. 1990;52:291–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn LJ, Kloiber R, Leininger RW, et al. Whole-body imaging of the distribution of mercury released from dental fillings into monkey tissues. FASEB J. 1990;4:3256–3260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• af Geijersstam E, Sandborgh-Englund G, Jonsson F, et al. Mercury uptake and kinetics after ingestion of dental amalgam. J Dent Res. 2001;80:1793–1796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issa Y, Brunton PA, Glenny AM, et al. Healing of oral lichenoid lesions after replacing amalgam restorations: a systematic review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;98:553–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborgh-Englund G, Elinder CG, Johanson G, et al. The absorption, blood levels, and excretion of mercury after a single dose of mercury vapor in humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1998;150:146–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrand J, Björkman L, Edlund C, et al. Toxicological aspects on the release and systemic uptake of mercury from dental amalgam. Eur J Oral Sci. 1998;106:678–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barregård L. Mercury from dental amalgam: looking beyond the average. Occup Environ Med. 2005;62:352–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglund A, Molin M. Mercury levels in plasma and urine after removal of all amalgam restorations: the effect of using rubber dams. Dent Mater. 1997;13:297–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremers L, Halbach S, Willruth H, et al. Effect of rubber dam on mercury exposure during amalgam removal. Eur J Oral Sci. 1999;107:202–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborgh-Englund G, Elinder CG, Langworth S, et al. Mercury in biological fluids after amalgam removal. J Dent Res. 1998;77:615–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kal BI, Evcin O, Dundar N, et al. An unusual case of immediate hypersensitivity reaction associated with an amalgam restoration. Br Dent J. 2008;205:547–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolewska J. An unusual case of acute allergic reaction to mercury in an amalgam restoration. Tandlaegebladet. 1986;90:627–628.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katsunuma T, Iikura Y, Nagakura T, et al. Exercise-induced anaphylaxis: improvement after removal of amalgam in dental caries. Ann Allergy. 1990;64:472–475.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langworth S, Stromberg R. A case of high mercury exposure from dental amalgam. Eur J Oral Sci. 1996;104:320–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenman S, Grans L. Symptoms and differential diagnosis of patients fearing mercury toxicity from amalgam fillings. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997;23 Suppl 3:59–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidenhammer W, Bornschein S, Zilker T, et al. Predictors of treatment outcomes after removal of amalgam fillings: associations between subjective symptoms, psychometric variables and mercury levels. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2010;38:180–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson TW, Magos L. The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2006;36:609–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magos L, Clarkson TW. Overview of the clinical toxicity of mercury. Ann Clin Biochem. 2006;43:257–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RG, Vorwald AJ, Patil LS, et al. Effects of exposure to mercury in the manufacture of chlorine. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1970;31:687–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson GM, Wilson R, Allard D, et al. Mercury exposure and risks from dental amalgam in the US population, post-2000. Sci Total Environ. 2011;409:4257–4268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen. Kvicksilver/amalgam hälsorisker (LEK-rapporten). Rapport från socialstyrelsens expertgrupp med uppgift att utreda effekter av lågdosexponering för kvicksilver. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen. Blir man sjuk av amalgam? Rapport från Socialstyrelsens expertgrupp. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• USPHS. Dental amalgam: a scientific review and recommended public health service strategy for research, education, and regulation. US Public Health Service Committee to Coordinate Environmental Health and Related Programs Subcommittee on Risk Management. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Health Canada. The safety of dental amalgam. Ottawa (ON): Minister of Supply and Services Canada; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Sosial- og helsedirektoratet. Bruk av tannrestaureringsmaterialer i Norge, IK-2652/98. Oslo: Sosial- og helsedirektoratet; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• SCENIHR. Scientific opinion on the safety of dental amalgam and alternative dental restoration materials for patients and users (6 May 2008); 2008.
   Google Scholar
• SCENIHR. Opinion on the safety of dental amalgam and alternative dental restoration materials for patients and users (29 April 2015); 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Clarkson TW, Magos L, Myers GJ. The toxicology of mercury-current exposures and clinical manifestations. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1731–1737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates MN, Fawcett J, Garrett N, et al. Health effects of dental amalgam exposure: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33:894–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingman A, Albers JW, Arezzo JC, et al. Amalgam exposure and neurological function. Neurotoxicology. 2005;26:241–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschudi-Madsen H, Kjeldsberg M, Natvig B, et al. Medically unexplained conditions considered by patients in general practice. Fam Pract. 2014;31:156–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langworth S, Björkman L, Elinder CG, et al. Multidisciplinary examination of patients with illness attributed to dental fillings. J Oral Rehabil. 2002;29:705–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vamnes JS, Lygre GB, Grønningsæter AG, et al. Four years of clinical experience with an adverse reaction unit for dental biomaterials. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004;32:150–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjursen TT, Binder P-E, Lygre GB, et al. How unexplained health complaints were attributed to dental amalgam. Nord Psychol. 2014;66:216–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalen K, Lygre GB, Klove H, et al. Personality variables in patients with self-reported reactions to dental amalgam. Acta Odontol Scand. 2003;61:310–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melchart D, Vogt S, Kohler W, et al. Treatment of health complaints attributed to amalgam. J Dent Res. 2008;87:349–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nerdrum P, Malt UF, Hoglend P, et al. A 7-year prospective quasi-experimental study of the effects of removing dental amalgam in 76 self-referred patients compared with 146 controls. J Psychosom Res. 2004;57:103–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjursen TT, Lygre GB, Dalen K, et al. Changes in health complaints after removal of amalgam fillings. J Oral Rehabil. 2011;38:835–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horing B, Weimer K, Muth ER, et al. Prediction of placebo responses: a systematic review of the literature. Front Psychol. 2014;5:1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pecina M, Azhar H, Love TM, et al. Personality trait predictors of placebo analgesia and neurobiological correlates. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38:639–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dental Biomaterials Adverse Reaction Unit. Fjerning av amalgamfyllinger [Removal of amalgam restorations]. Nor Tannlegeforen Tid. 2002;112:50–51.
   Google Scholar
• Lygre GB, Gjerdet NR, Björkman L. A follow-up study of patients with subjective symptoms related to dental materials. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2005;33:227–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen HR, Ihlebæk C, Ursin H. A scoring system for subjective health complaints (SHC). Scand J Public Health. 1999;1:63–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham JR. MMPI-2: assessing personality and psychopathology. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Harkness AR, McNulty JL, Ben-Porath YS. The Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5): constructs and MMPI-2 scales. Psychol Assess. 1995;7:104–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantril H. The pattern of human concerns. New Brunswick (NJ): Rutgers University Press; 1965.
   Google Scholar
• Rodushkin I, Ödman F, Olofsson R, et al. Determination of 60 elements in whole blood by sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Anal Atom Spectrom. 2000;15:937–944.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodushkin I, Engström E, Stenberg A, et al. Determination of low-abundance elements at ultra-trace levels in urine and serum by inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2004;380:247–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vamnes JS, Eide R, Isrenn R, et al. Diagnostic value of a chelating agent in patients with symptoms allegedly caused by amalgam fillings. J Dent Res. 2000;79:868–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglund M, Lind B, Björnberg KA, et al. Inter-individual variations of human mercury exposure biomarkers: a cross-sectional assessment. Environ Health. 2005;4:20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zwicker JD, Dutton DJ, Emery JC. Longitudinal analysis of the association between removal of dental amalgam, urine mercury and 14 self-reported health symptoms. Environ Health. 2014;13:95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lygre GB, Sjursen TT, Svahn J, et al. Characterization of health complaints before and after removal of amalgam fillings—3-year follow-up. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013;71:560–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middel B, van Sonderen E. Statistical significant change versus relevant or important change in (quasi) experimental design: some conceptual and methodological problems in estimating magnitude of intervention-related change in health services research. Int J Integr Care. 2002;2:e15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ihlebæk C, Eriksen HR, Ursin H. Prevalence of subjective health complaints (SHC) in Norway. Scand J Public Health. 2002;30:20–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjursen TT, Binder PE, Lygre GB, et al. Patients' experiences of changes in health complaints before, during, and after removal of dental amalgam. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being. 2015;10:28157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molin M, Bergman B, Marklund SL, et al. Mercury, selenium, and glutathione peroxidase before and after amalgam removal in man. Acta Odontol Scand. 1990;48:189–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbach S, Vogt S, Kohler W, et al. Blood and urine mercury levels in adult amalgam patients of a randomized controlled trial: interaction of Hg species in erythrocytes. Environ Res. 2008;107:69–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngim CH, Foo SC, Boey KW, et al. Chronic neurobehavioural effects of elemental mercury in dentists. Br J Ind Med. 1992;49:782–790.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hilt B, Svendsen K, Syversen T, et al. Occurrence of cognitive symptoms in dental assistants with previous occupational exposure to metallic mercury. Neurotoxicology. 2009;30:1202–1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anglen J, Gruninger SE, Chou HN, et al. Occupational mercury exposure in association with prevalence of multiple sclerosis and tremor among US dentists. J Am Dent Assoc. 2015;146:659–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlqwist M, Bengtsson C, Furunes B, et al. Number of amalgam tooth fillings in relation to subjectively experienced symptoms in a study of Swedish women. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1988;16:227–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warkany J. Acrodynia-postmortem of a disease. Am J Dis Child. 1966;112:147–156.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Austin DW, Spolding B, Gondalia S, et al. Genetic variation associated with hypersensitivity to mercury. Toxicol Int. 2014;21:236–241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Llop S, Ballester F, Broberg K. Effect of gene-mercury interactions on mercury toxicokinetics and neurotoxicity. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2015;2:179–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hultman P, Johansson U, Turley SJ, et al. Adverse immunological effects and autoimmunity induced by dental amalgam and alloy in mice. FASEB J. 1994;8:1183–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultman P, Lindh U, Horsted-Bindslev P. Activation of the immune system and systemic immune-complex deposits in Brown Norway rats with dental amalgam restorations. J Dent Res. 1998;77:1415–1425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemdan NY, Lehmann I, Wichmann G, et al. Immunomodulation by mercuric chloride in vitro: application of different cell activation pathways. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007;148:325–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Lei D, Waalkes MP, et al. Genomic analysis of the rat lung following elemental mercury vapor exposure. Toxicol Sci. 2003;74:174–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkman L, Brokstad KA, Moen K, et al. Minor changes in serum levels of cytokines after removal of amalgam restorations. Toxicol Lett. 2012;211:120–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darragh M, Booth RJ, Consedine NS. Investigating the 'placebo personality' outside the pain paradigm. J Psychosom Res. 2014;76:414–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aslaksen PM, Lyby PS. Fear of pain potentiates nocebo hyperalgesia. J Pain Res. 2015;8:703–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58:295–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar