Maternal employment and childhood obesity in China: evidence from the China Health and Nutrition Survey

References

• Anderson, P. M., Butcher, K. F. and Levine, P. B. (2003) Maternal employment and overweight children, Journal of Health Economics, 22, 477–504. doi:10.1016/S0167-6296(03)00022-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, M. and Milligan, K. (2008) Maternal employment, breastfeeding, and health: evidence from maternity leave mandates, Journal of Health Economics, 27, 871–87. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, L. and Mokhtari, M. (2011) Parental employment, shared parent–child activities and childhood obesity, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 32, 233–44. doi:10.1007/s10834-011-9249-0
   Google Scholar
• Bishop, J. (2011) The effect of maternal employment on youth overweight in Australia, Economic Record, 87, 92–104. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4932.2011.00747.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonke, J. and Greve, J. (2012) Children’s health-related life-styles: how parental child care affects them, Review of Economics of the Household, 10, 557–72. doi:10.1007/s11150-012-9157-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J. E., Broom, D. H., Nicholson, J. M. et al. (2010) Do working mothers raise couch potato kids? Maternal employment and children’s lifestyle behaviours and weight in early childhood, Social Science and Medicine, 70, 1816–24. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkhauser, R. V. and Cawley, J. (2008) Beyond BMI: the value of more accurate measures of fatness and obesity in social science research, Journal of Health Economics, 27, 519–29. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cawley, J. (2009) The economics of childhood obesity, Health Affairs, 29, 363–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cawley, J. and Liu, F. (2012) Maternal employment and childhood obesity: a search for mechanisms in time use data, Economics and Human Biology, 10, 352–64. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2012.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champion, S. L., Rumbold, A. R., Steele, E. J. et al. (2012) Parental work schedules and child overweight and obesity, International Journal of Obesity, 36, 573–80. doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F. N., Liu, G. Y. and Mair, C. A. (2011) Intergenerational ties in context: grandparents caring for grandchildren in China, Social Forces, 90, 571–94. doi:10.1093/sf/sor012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chia, Y. F. (2008) Maternal labour supply and childhood obesity in Canada: evidence from the NLSCY, Canadian Journal of Economics, 41, 217–42. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.00461.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, T. J., Bellizzi, M. C., Flegal, K. M. et al. (2000) Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey, BMJ, 320, 1240–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, T. J., Freeman, J. V. and Preece, M. A. (1998) British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood, Statistics in Medicine, 17, 407–29. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980228)17:4<407::AID-SIM742>3.0.CO;2-L
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, F. L. (2005) Women’s managerial careers in china in a period of reform, Asia Pacific Business Review, 11, 149–62. doi:10.1080/1360238042000291216
   Google Scholar
• Crabtree, S. and Pugliese, A. (2012) China outpaces India for women in the workforce. Available at http://www.gallup.com/poll/158501/china-outpaces-india-women-workforce.aspx (accessed 15 July 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Cui, Z. H. and Dibley, M. J. (2012) Trends in dietary energy, fat, carbohydrate and protein intake in Chinese children and adolescents from 1991 to 2009, British Journal of Nutrition, 108, 1292–9. doi:10.1017/S0007114511006891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui, Z. H., Huxley, R., Wu, Y. F. et al. (2010) Temporal trends in overweight and obesity of children and adolescents from nine provinces in China from 1991–2006, International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 5, 365–74. doi:10.3109/17477166.2010.490262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dearth-Wesley, T., Gordon-Larsen, P., Adair, L. S. et al. (2012) Longitudinal, cross-cohort comparison of physical activity patterns in Chinese mothers and children, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 39. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demerath, E. W., Schubert, C. M., Maynard, L. M. et al. (2006) Do changes in body mass index percentile reflect changes in body composition in children? Data from the FELS longitudinal study, Pediatrics, 117, e487–e495. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fertig, A., Glomm, G. and Tchernis, R. (2009) The connection between maternal employment and childhood obesity: inspecting the mechanisms, Review of Economics of the Household, 7, 227–55. doi:10.1007/s11150-009-9052-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaina, A., Sekine, M., Chandola, T. et al. (2009) Mother employment status and nutritional patterns in Japanese junior high schoolchildren, International Journal of Obesity, 33, 753–7. doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia, E., Labeaga, J. and Ortega, C. (2006) Maternal employment and childhood obesity in Spain, Working Paper FEDEA, FEDEA and UNED, Madrid.
   Google Scholar
• Greve, J. (2008) Obesity, labor market activity, and demand for medical care, PhD Thesis No. 2008:6, Aarhus University, Aarhus.
   Google Scholar
• Greve, J. (2011) New results on the effect of maternal work hours on children’s overweight status: does the quality of child care matter?, Labour Economics, 18, 579–90. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2011.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwozdz, W., Sousa-Poza, A., Reisch, L. A. et al. (2013) Maternal employment and childhood obesity – a European perspective, Journal of Health Economics, 32, 728–42. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, S. S., Cole, T. J., Law, C. et al. (2008) Maternal employment and early childhood overweight: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, International Journal of Obesity, 32, 30–8. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbst, C. and Tekin, E. (2011) Child care subsidies and childhood obesity, Review of Economics of the Household, 9, 349–78. doi:10.1007/s11150-010-9087-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, J. O. and Peters, J. C. (1998) Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic, Science, 280, 1371–4. doi:10.1126/science.280.5368.1371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, J. O., Wyatt, H. R., Reed, G. W. et al. (2003) Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here?, Science, 299, 853–5. doi:10.1126/science.1079857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, S. and Campbell, C. (1991) Wife’s employment, food expenditures, and apparent nutrient intake: evidence from Canada, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73, 784–94. doi:10.2307/1242831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossain, P., Kawar, B. and El Nahas, M. (2007) Obesity and diabetes in the developing world--a growing challenge, The New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 213–5. doi:10.1056/NEJMp068177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussey, J., Bell, C. and Gormley, J. (2007) The measurement of physical activity in children, Physical Therapy Reviews, 12, 52–8. doi:10.1179/108331907X174989
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. A., Xie, B., Liu, C. H. et al. (2006) Socio-demographic and cultural comparison of overweight and obesity risk and prevalence in adolescents in Southern California and Wuhan, China, The Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 925.e1–925.e8. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.07.011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lakshman, R., Zhang, J., Zhang, J. D. et al. (2013) Higher maternal education is associated with favourable growth of young children in different countries, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 67, 595–602. doi:10.1136/jech-2012-202021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewbel, A. (2012) Using heteroscedasticity to identify and estimate mismeasured and endogenous regressor models, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 30, 67–80. doi:10.1080/07350015.2012.643126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, P. (2012) Obesity is a growing concern in China. Available at http://www.china.org.cn/china/2012-09/14/content_26521029.htm (accessed 15 July 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Liang, Y. J., Xi, B., Song, A. Q. et al. (2012) Trends in general and abdominal obesity among Chinese children and adolescents 1993–2009, Pediatric Obesity, 7, 355–64. doi:10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00066.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, E., Hsiao, C., Matsumoto, T. et al. (2009) Maternal full-time employment and overweight children: parametric, semi-parametric, and non-parametric assessment, Journal of Econometrics, 152, 61–9. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2009.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H., Fang, H. and Zhao, Z. (2013) Urban-rural disparities of child health and nutritional status in China from 1989 to 2006, Economics and Human Biology, 11, 294–309. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2012.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H. Y. (2008) The China Health and Nutrition Survey: an important database for poverty and inequality research, The Journal of Economic Inequality, 6, 373–6. doi:10.1007/s10888-008-9088-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Los Angeles Times. (2010) China raising a generation of left-behind children. Available at http://articles.latimes.com/print/2010/sep/29/world/la-fg-china-left-behind-20100930 (accessed 15 July 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Luo, G. F. (2005) From 10 million to 130 million, how many rural left behind children, Youth Exploration, 2, 3–6 (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Ma, Y. N., Chen, T., Wang, D. et al. (2011) Prevalence of overweight and obesity among preschool children from six cities of northeast China, Archives of Medical Research, 42, 633–40. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2011.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, H. D., Jarrett, K. V. and Crawley, H. F. (2001) The development of waist circumference percentiles in British children aged 5.0-16.9 y, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55, 902–7. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCracken, V. and Brandt, J. (1987) Household consumption of food-away-from-home: total expenditure and by type of food facility, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 69, 274–84. doi:10.2307/1242277
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, D. P. (2011) Maternal work and child overweight and obesity: the importance of timing, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 32, 204–18. doi:10.1007/s10834-010-9244-x
   Google Scholar
• Miller, D. P. and Han, W.-J. (2008) Maternal nonstandard work schedules and adolescent overweight, The American Journal of Public Health, 98, 1495–502. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monasta, L., Batty, G. D., Cattaneo, A. et al. (2010) Early-life determinants of overweight and obesity: a review of systematic reviews, Obesity Reviews, 11, 695–708. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00735.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrissey, T. W., Dunifon, R. E. and Kalil, A. (2011) Maternal employment, work schedules, and children’s Body Mass Index, Child Development, 82, 66–81. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01541.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumark-Sztainer, D., Hannan, P. J., Story, M. et al. (2003) Family meal patterns: associations with sociodemographic characteristics and improved dietary intake among adolescents, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103, 317–22. doi:10.1053/jada.2003.50048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD (2012) Obesity Update 2012. Available at http://www.oecd.org/health/49716427.pdf (accessed 15 July 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Phipps, S. A., Lethbridge, L. and Burton, P. (2006) Long-run consequences of parental paid work hours for child overweight status in Canada, Social Science and Medicine, 62, 977–86. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popkin, B. M., Du, S. F., Zhai, F. Y. et al. (2010) Cohort Profile: the China Health and Nutrition Survey – monitoring and understanding socio-economic and health change in China, 1989–2011, International Journal of Epidemiology, 39, 1435–40. doi:10.1093/ije/dyp322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolland-Cachera, M. F. (2011) Childhood obesity: current definitions and recommendations for their use, International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 6, 325–31. doi:10.3109/17477166.2011.607458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruhm, C. J. (2004) Parental employment and child cognitive development, The Journal of Human Resources, 39, 155–92. doi:10.2307/3559009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruhm, C. J. (2008) Maternal employment and adolescent development, Labour Economics, 15, 958–83. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2007.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassi, F. (2010) Obesity and the Economics of Prevention – Fit Not Fat, OECD Publishing, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Scholder, S. (2008) Maternal employment and overweight children: does timing matter?, Health Economics, 17, 889–906. doi:10.1002/hec.1357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siega-Riz, A. M., Carson, T. and Popkin, B. (1998) Three squares or mostly snacks–what do teens really eat?, Journal of Adolescent Health, 22, 29–36. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(97)00125-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, Y., Wang, H. J., Ma, J. et al. (2013) Secular trends of obesity prevalence in urban Chinese children from 1985 to 2010: gender disparity, PLoS ONE, 8, e53069. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tudor-Locke, C., Ainsworth, B. E., Adair, L. S. et al. (2003) Physical activity and inactivity in Chinese school-aged youth: the China Health and Nutrition Survey, International Journal of Obesity, 27, 1093–9. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. F. and Lobstein, T. (2006) Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity, International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 1, 11–25. doi:10.1080/17477160600586747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. Q. (2011) Women’s rights protected and gender awareness enhanced. Available at http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/report/134773-1.htm (accessed 15 July 2013).
   Google Scholar
• WHO (1995) Physical status, the use and interpretation of anthropometry, report of a WHO Expert Committee. WHO Technical Report Series; 854, World Health Organization, Geneva. Available at http://www.who.int/childgrowth/publications/physical_status/en/ (accessed 15 July 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Xi, B., Liang, Y., He, T. et al. (2012) Secular trends in the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults, 1993–2009, Obesity Reviews, 13, 287–96. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00944.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, S., Li, J., Li, S. et al. (2012) The expanding burden of cardiometabolic risk in China: the China Health and Nutrition Survey, Obesity Reviews, 13, 810–21. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01016.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying-Xiu, Z. and Shu-Rong, W. (2012) Secular trends in body mass index and the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Shandong, China, from 1985 to 2010, Journal of Public Health, 34, 131–7. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdr053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Z. B., Han, S. P., Chu, J. H. et al. (2012) Trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in China from 1981 to 2010: a meta-analysis, PLoS ONE, 7, e51949. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, M. Y., Guo, F. X., Tu, Y. Z. et al. (2012) Further increase of obesity prevalence in Chinese children and adolescents-cross-sectional data of two consecutive samples from the city of Shanghai from 2003 to 2008, Pediatric Diabetes, 13, 572–7. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2012.00877.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, A. (2007) The effect of maternal employment on the likelihood of a child being overweight, Discussion Paper 2007/17, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW.
   Google Scholar
• Ziol-Guest, K. M., Dunifon, R. E. and Kalil, A. (2013) Parental employment and children’s body weight: mothers, others, and mechanisms, Social Science and Medicine, 95, 52–9. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar