From causality to blame: exploring flooding, factories and land conversion in Eastern Thailand

References

• Andreadis, K. M., O. E. J. Wing, E. Colven, C. J. Gleason, P. D. Bates, and C. M. Brown. 2022. “Urbanizing the Floodplain: Global Changes of Imperviousness in Flood-Prone Areas.” Environmental Research Letters 17 (10): 104024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac9197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangkok Business News. 2013. “Muan nam jak Ban Khai talu khao mueang Rayong [Mass of water from the Ban Khai flooded into Rayong].” October 19. https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/social/537614.
   Google Scholar
• Bangkok Business News. 2015. “‘Thapma-Noen Phra’ nam tuam soong 1.50 m. dued rorn 4 pan khon [‘Thapma-Noen Phra’ are 1.5 metres flooded, 4 thousand are affected].” September 18. https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/news/666197.
   Google Scholar
• Bertana, Amanda, Brett Clark, Tabitha M Benney, and Cameron Quackenbush. 2022. “Beyond Maladaptation: Structural Barriers to Successful Adaptation.” Environmental Sociology 8 (4): 448–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2022.2068224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhavnani, Kum-Kum, John Foran, Priya A Kurian, and Debashish Munshi, eds. 2019. Climate Futures: Re-Imagining Global Climate Justice. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Biermann, Christine, Stuart N Lane, and Rebecca. Lave. 2018. “Critical Reflections on a Field in the Making.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Physical Geography. Palgrave Handbooks, edited by Rebecca Lave, Christine Biermann, and Stuart N Lane, 559–573. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71461-5.
   Google Scholar
• Carmichael, Christine, Cecilia Danks, and Christine Vatovec. 2020. “Assigning Blame: How Local Narratives Shape Community Responses to Extreme Flooding Events in Detroit, Michigan and Waterbury, Vermont.” Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture 14 (3): 300–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2019.1659840.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castree, Noel. 2015. “Geographers and the Discourse of an Earth Transformed: Influencing the Intellectual Weather or Changing the Intellectual Climate?” Geographical Research 53 (3): 244–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-5871.12125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chongvilaivan, Aekapol. 2012, April. “Thailand’s 2011 Flooding: Its Impacts on Direct Exports and Global Supply Chain Disruptions.” ARTNeT Policy Brief 34. Bangkok: UNESCAP. www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/polbrief34.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cloven, E. 2022. “A Political Ecology of Speculative Urbanism: The Role of Financial and Environmental Speculation in Jakarta’s Water Crisis.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space [Preprint]. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X221110883.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, T.W., and S.E. Grineski. 2017. “Environmental Justice and Flood Hazards: A Conceptual Framework Applied to Emerging Findings and Future Research Needs.” In The Routledge Handbook of Environmental Justice. Routledge Handbooks, edited by Ryan B. Holifield, 350–361. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2023. “Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report.” In Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by Core Writing Team, H. Lee, and J. Romero, 35–115. Geneva: IPCC. https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647.
   Google Scholar
• Dailynews. 2013. “Satarnakarn nam tuam janwat Rayong khayai wong kwang [Extension of the Flood Situation in Rayong].” October 7. https://d.dailynews.co.th/regional/125019/.
   Google Scholar
• Danh, V. T., and S. Mushtaq. 2011. “Living with Floods: An Evaluation of the Resettlement Program of the Mekong Delta of Vietnam.” In Environmental Change and Agricultural Sustainability in the Mekong Delta, edited by P. A. Coclanis, and M. A. Steward, 181–206. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• DFID (Department for International Development). 2015. Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. London: Department for International Development.
   Google Scholar
• DPT (Department of Public Works and Town and Country Planning). 2019. “Prakard khana kammakarn nayobai khet pattana piset pak tawan ork rueng paen pang karn chai prayot teedin lae pang karn pattana lae rabob sataranupabhoke khet pattana piset pak tawan ork B.E.2562 [Announcement of the Eastern Economic Corridor Policy Committee: 2019 Plans of Utilization in the Land Use and Plans for Infrastructure Development and Utilities in the Eastern Special Development Zone].” Accessed September 19, 2022. https://eeco.or.th/th/filedownloads/2953/file-47f9d0a2270fdc3ff476183867fdeecc.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Eastern Economic Corridor. 2023. “Why EEC – Government Initiative.” Accessed August 11, 2023. https://www.eeco.or.th/en/government-initiative/why-eec.
   Google Scholar
• Faysse, N., L. Aguilhon, K. Phiboon, and M. Purotaganon. 2020. “Mainly Farming … but What’s Next? The Future of Irrigated Farms in Thailand.” Journal of Rural Studies 73: 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faysse, N., K. Phiboon, and M. Purotaganon. 2022. “Which Pathway to Address Interrelated Challenges to Farm Sustainability in Thailand? Views of Local Actors.” Regional Environmental Change 22 (1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-021-01871-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J., T. Nghiem, H. Kimkong, K. Hurni, and I. G. Baird. 2018. “Large-Scale Land Concessions, Migration, and Land Use: The Paradox of Industrial Estates in the Red River Delta of Vietnam and Rubber Plantations of Northeast Cambodia.” Land 7 (2): 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/land7020077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaillard, J. C. 2022. The Invention of Disaster: Power and Knowledge in Dicourses on Hazard and Vulnerability. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gale, E. L., and M. A. Saunders. 2013. “The 2011 Thailand Flood: Climate Causes and Return Periods.” Weather 68 (9): 233–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.2133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover, L., and M. Granberg. 2021. “The Politics of Maladaptation.” Climate 9 (5): 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli9050069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh, K. 2019. “Urban Waterscapes: The Hydro-Politics of Flooding in a Sinking City.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 43 (2): 250–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh, K. 2020. “Urbanising Climate Justice: Constructing Scales and Politicising Difference.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 13 (3): 559–574. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsaa010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrique, Karen Paiva, and Petra Tschakert. 2019. “Contested Grounds: Adaptation to Flooding and the Politics of (in)Visibility in São Paulo’s Eastern Periphery.” Geoforum 104: 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.04.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrique, Karen Paiva, and Petra Tschakert. 2021. “Pathways to Urban Transformation: From Dispossession to Climate Justice.” Progress in Human Geography 45 (5): 1169–1191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132520962856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holifield, Ryan B, Jayajit Chakraborty, and Gordon P Walker, eds. 2018. The Routledge Handbook of Environmental Justice. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2022. Annex II: Glossary [Möller, V., R. van Diemen, J.B.R. Matthews, C. Méndez, S. Semenov, J.S. Fuglestvedt, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2897–2930, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.029.
   Google Scholar
• Kom Chad Luek News. 2020. “Satanakarn nam tuam nai Rayong Amphoe Ban Khai namba khao tuam nai talad thanon sai lak pid karn jarajorn [Flood situation in Ban Khai District, Rayong has now flooded the market and the main road is closed].” June 30. https://www.komchadluek.net/news/435646.
   Google Scholar
• Labra, O., C. Castro, R. Wright, and I. Chamblas. 2019. “Thematic Analysis in Social Work: A Case Study.” In Global Social Work - Cutting Edge Issues and Critical Reflections, edited by B. Nikku. London: IntectOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/69520
   Google Scholar
• Leitner, H., and E. Sheppard. 2018. “From Kampungs to Condos? Contested Accumulations Through Displacement in Jakarta.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50 (2): 437–456. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X17709279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, Kuei-Hsien. 2019. “Living with Floods: Ecological Wisdom in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta.” In Ecological Wisdom: Theory and Practice, edited by B. Yang, and R. F. Young, 195–215. Singapore: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Liao, Kuei-Hsien, Jeffrey Kok Hui Chan, and Yin-Ling Huang. 2019. “Environmental Justice and Flood Prevention: The Moral Cost of Floodwater Redistribution.” Landscape and Urban Planning 189: 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.04.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukasiewicz, A. 2020. “The Emerging Imperative of Disaster Justice.” In Natural Hazards and Disaster Justice, edited by A. Lukasiewicz, and C. Baldwin. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi-org.bris.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0466-2_1.
   Google Scholar
• Lukasiewicz, Anna, and Claudia Baldwin, eds. 2020. Natural Hazards and Disaster Justice: Challenges for Australia and Its Neighbours. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Magnuszewski, P., L. Jarzabek, A. Keating, R. Mechler, A. French, F. Laurien, M. Arestegui, et al. 2019. “The Flood Resilience Systems Framework: From Concept to Application.” Journal of Integrated Disaster Risk Management 9: 56–82. https://doi.org/10.5595/idrim.2019.0348.
   Google Scholar
• Marks, D. 2015. “The Urban Political Ecology of the 2011 Floods in Bangkok: The Creation of Uneven Vulnerabilities.” Pacific Affairs 88 (3): 623–651. https://doi.org/10.5509/2015883623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, D., and J. Zhang. 2018. “Circuits of Power: Environmental Injustice from Bangkok’s Shopping Malls to Laos’ Hydropower Dams.” Asia Pacific Viewpoint 60 (3): 296–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MGR Online. 2011. “Rayong sang yud rian lang font ok mai yud [Rayong orders to close school after a heavy storm].” September 12. https://mgronline.com/local/detail/9540000115723.
   Google Scholar
• MGR Online. 2013. “Nam talak tuam Rayong lang chonlaprathan reng rabai nam jak 3 ang yai [Rayong was heavily flooded after the Irrigation speedily drained the water out from 3 main reservoirs].” October 19. https://mgronline.com/local/detail/9560000131245.
   Google Scholar
• MGR Online. 2020. “Wan sam roi nam tuam yai thesaban tambon Thapma reng jud soon chuay luer fao rawang nam tuam Rayong [Afraid of repeating the big floods, Thapma Municipality rushes to set up a warning center for flooding in Rayong].” June 30. https://mgronline.com/local/detail/9630000067034.
   Google Scholar
• Naewna News. 2020. “Nam tuam Rayong khayai wong kwang ‘tambon Thapma’ na huang chum chon rim klong Thapma radab nam soong kuen ruey ruey [Flooding in Rayong is extending, ‘Thapma’ is worried; the community along the Thapma canal continues to face rise in water level].” June 30. https://www.naewna.com/local/502503.
   Google Scholar
• The Nation Thai. 2022. “The Royal Thai Navy has deployed a fleet of 20 boats to help push water from Prasae River into the Gulf of Thailand to ease flooding in Rayong’s Klaeng district.” September 12. https://www.nationthailand.com/thailand/40019984.
   Google Scholar
• Nightingale, Andrea J. 2017. “Power and Politics in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts: Struggles Over Authority and Recognition in the Context of Political Instability.” Geoforum 84: 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.05.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nightingale, Andrea J. 2018. “The Socioenvironmental State: Political Authority, Subjects, and Transformative Socionatural Change in an Uncertain World.” Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 1 (4): 688–711. https://doi.org/10.1177/2514848618816467.
   Google Scholar
• Nightingale, Andrea Joslyn, Siri Eriksen, Marcus Taylor, Timothy Forsyth, Mark Pelling, Andrew Newsham, Emily Boyd, et al. 2020. “Beyond Technical Fixes: Climate Solutions and the Great Derangement.” Climate and Development 12 (4): 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2019.1624495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon, Rob. 2011. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Padawangi, R., and M. Douglass. 2015. “Water, Water Everywhere: Toward Participatory Solutions to Chronic Urban Flooding in Jakarta.” Pacific Affairs 88 (3): 517–550. https://doi.org/10.5509/2015883517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parthasarathy, Devanathan. 2018. “Inequality, Uncertainty, and Vulnerability: Rethinking Governance from a Disaster Justice Perspective.” Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 1 (3): 422–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/2514848618802554.
   Google Scholar
• Promchote, P., S. Y. S. Wang, and P. G. Johnson. 2016. “The 2011 Great Flood in Thailand: Climate Diagnostics and Implications from Climate Change.” Journal of Climate 29 (1): 367–379. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0310.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramalho, J. 2019. “Worlding Aspirations and Resilient Futures: Framings of Risk and Contemporary City-Making in Metro Cebu, the Philippines.” Asia Pacific Viewpoint 60 (1): 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramalho, J. 2020, November. “Engendering Disaster Risk Management and Resilience-Building: The Significance of the Everyday in Evaluations of the Exceptional.” International Journalof Disaster Risk Reduction 50: 101830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribot, Jesse. 2011. “Vulnerability Before Adaptation: Toward Transformative Climate Action.” Global Environmental Change 21 (4): 1160–1162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.07.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribot, Jesse. 2022. “Violent Silence: Framing Out Social Causes of Climate-Related Crises.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 49 (4): 683–712. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2022.2069016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigg, J. 2019. More Than Rural: Textures of Thailand’s Agrarian Transformation. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘I Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rigg, J., M. Phongsiri, B. Promphakping, A. Salamanca, and M. Sripun. 2020. “Who Will Tend the Farm? Interrogating the Ageing Asian Farmer.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 47 (2): 306–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2019.1572605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rugendyke, Barbara A, and Jerome K Vanclay. 2023. “Reimagining Flood Plain Development with Geography at Heart.” Australian Geographer 54 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2022.2146414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schipper, E. L. F. 2022. “Catching Maladaptation Before it Happens.” Nature Climate Change 12 (7): 617–618. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01409-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schipper, E., and F. Lisa. 2020. “Maladaptation: When Adaptation to Climate Change Goes Very Wrong.” One Earth 3 (4): 409–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.09.014.
   Google Scholar
• Scoones, I. 1998. “Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis.” DS Working Papers 72.
   Google Scholar
• Siamrath. 2022. “Krom chon reng rabai nam tuam kang mueang Rayong lang font ok nak kad khao soo pokkati chuang kham wan nee [Irrigation office accelerates drainage of flooding in Rayong after heavy rain. It is expected to return to normal this evening].” June 30. https://siamrath.co.th/n/166425.
   Google Scholar
• Sze, J., and J. K. London. 2008. “Enviromental Justice at the Crossroads.” Sociology Compass 2 (4): 1331–1354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2008.00131.x.
   Google Scholar
• Thai PBS News. 2012. “Fon tok nak tam hai radab nam tuam tee Rayong perm soong kuen [Heavy rain makes higher flooding level at Rayong].” October 4. https://news.thaipbs.or.th/content/115989.
   Google Scholar
• Thai PBS News. 2013. “Nam tuam Rayong yang mai klee klai prachachon rerm kad klaen nam-aharn [Rayong flood still yet resolve, people are now shortage of foods and water].” October 13. https://news.thaipbs.or.th/content/200647.
   Google Scholar
• Thai PBS News. 2017. “Fon tok nak Rayong” nam tuam chub plun [Heavy rainfall causes “Rayong” to face flash flood].” March 29. https://news.thaipbs.or.th/content/261243.
   Google Scholar
• Thairath Online. 2015. “Rayong nam talak kao mueang! Tuam mid khet tessaban Thapma [Rayong City is flooded! The municipality is now under water].” September 18. https://www.thairath.co.th/news/local/526201.
   Google Scholar
• Thairath Online. 2022. “Muan nam jak Thapma tueng thessaban Rayong er tuam yankan kha sang pid rongrean 4 haeng [Flooding from Thapma reaches Mueang Rayong and floods business district area].” September 15. https://www.thairath.co.th/news/local/east/2501375.
   Google Scholar
• Tran, T. A., J. Rigg, D. Taylor, M. A. Miller, J. Pittock, and L. T. Phong. 2022. “Social Memory in the Mekong’s Changing Floodscapes: Narratives of Agrarian Communities’ Adaptation.” Human Ecology 50: 879–893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-022-00362-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USAID (United States Agency for International Development). 2012. Building Resilience to Recurrent Crisis: USAID Policy and Program Guidance. Washington, DC: U.S. Agency for International Development.
   Google Scholar
• Wisner, Ben. 2004. At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability, and Disasters. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar