201
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Nanostructure of Soot Collected from Ethanol Droplet Flames in Microgravity

, &
Pages 1164-1186 | Received 22 May 2008, Accepted 28 May 2009, Published online: 08 Sep 2009

REFERENCES

  • Baek , S.W. , Park , J.H. , and Choi , C.H. 1999 . Investigation of droplet combustion with nongray gas radiation effects . Combust. Sci. Tech. , 142 , 55 .
  • Bockhorn , H. 1994 . A short introduction to the problem—structure of the following parts . In Bockhorn , H. (Ed.) Soot Formation in Combustion , Springer-Verlag , Berlin , pp. 3 – 7 .
  • Bond , T.C. , and Bergstrom , R.W. 2006 . Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review . Aerosol Science and Technology , 40 , 27 .
  • Bundy , M. , Hamins , A. , and Lee , K.Y. 2003 . Suppression limits of low strain rate non-premixed methane flames . Combust. Flame , 133 , 299 .
  • Chiu , C.C. , Tsai , T.Y. , and Tai , N.H. 2006 . Field emission properties of carbon nanotube arrays through the pattern transfer process . Nanotechnology , 17 , 2840 .
  • Choi , M.Y. , Dryer , F.L. , and Haggard , J.B. , Jr. 1990 . Observations on a slow burning regime for hydrocarbon droplets: N-heptane/air results . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 23 , 1597 .
  • Choi , S.H. , Park , S.H. , Land , D. , Lee , C.S. , and Choi , M.Y. 2007 . Measurement of the dimensionless extinction constant for biodiesel and diesel soot . The 18th International Symposium on Transport Phenomena , Daejeon , Korea , August .
  • Daigle , C.C. , Chalupa , D.C. , Gibb , F.R. , Morrow , P.E. , Oberdorster , G. , Utell , M.J. , and Frampton , M.W. 2003 . Ultrafine particle deposition in humans during rest and exercise . Inhal. Toxicol. , 15 , 539 .
  • Dobbins , R.A. , and Megaridis , C.M. 1987 . Morphology of flame-generated soot as determined by thermophoretic sampling . Langmuir , 3 , 254 .
  • Frenklach , M. , and Wang , H. 1994 . Detailed mechanism and modeling of soot particle formation . In Bockhorn , H. (Ed.) Soot Formation in Combustion , Springer-Verlag , Berlin , pp. 165 – 192 .
  • Galvez , A. , Herlin-Boime , N. , Reynaud , C. , Clinard , C. , and Rouzaud , J. 2002 . Carbon nanoparticles from laser pyrolysis . Carbon , 40 , 2775 .
  • Glassman , I. 1988 . Sooting laminar diffusion flames: Effect of dilution, additives, pressure, and microgroavity . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 27 , 1589 .
  • Guo , H. , Liu , F. , Smallwood , G.J. , and Gulder , O.L. 2004 . Numerical investigation of the thermal diffusion influence on soot formation in ethylene/air diffusion flames . International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics , 18 , 139 .
  • Hammida , M. , Fonseca , A. , Doome , R. , De Hoffmann , E. , Thiry , P.A. , and Nagy , J.B. 1998 . C60, C60O, C70 and C70O fullerene formation in premixed benzene-oxygen flames . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 27 , 1662 .
  • Hansen , J. , and Nazarenko , L. 2004 . Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 101 , 423 .
  • Hays , M.D. , and Vander Wal , R.L. 2007. Heterogeneous soot nanostructure in atmospheric and combustion source aerosols. Energy & Fuels , 21, 801.
  • Ishiguro , T. , Takatori , Y. , and Akihama , K. 1997 . Microstructure of diesel soot particles probed by electron microscopy: First observation of inner core and outler shell . Combust. Flame , 108 , 231 .
  • Jackson , G.S. , Avedisian , C.T. , and Yang , J.C. 1992 . Observations of soot during droplet combustion at low gravity: Heptane and heptane/monochloroalkane mixtures . Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. , 35 , 2017 .
  • Jacobson , M.Z. 2001 . Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols . Nature , 409 , 695 .
  • Kang , I. , Heung , Y.Y. , Kim , J.H. , Lee , J.W. , Gollapudi , R. , Subramaniam , S. , Narasimhadevara , S. , Hurd , D. , Kirikera , G.R. , Shanov , V. , Schulz , M.J. , Shi , D. , Boerio , J. , Mall , S. , and Ruggles-Wren , M. 2006 . Introduction to carbon nanotube and nanofiber smart materials . Composites Part B , 37 , 382 .
  • Kazakov , A. , Conley , J. , and Dryer , F.L. 2003 . Detailed modeling of an isolated, ethanol droplet combustion under microgravity conditions . Combust. Flame , 134 , 301 .
  • Kis , V.K. , Posfai , M. , and Labar , J.L. 2006 . Nanostructure of atmospheric soot particles . Atmospheric Environment , 40 , 5533 .
  • Koylu , U.O. , and Faeth , G.M. 1991 . Carbon-monoxide and soot emissions from liquid-fueled buoyant turbulent-diffusion flames . Combust. Flame , 87 , 61 .
  • Lee , K.O. , and Choi , M.Y. 1997 . Observations on the sooting behavior of microgravity droplet flames under reduced pressures . Int. J. Microgravity Science and Technology , X/2 , 86 .
  • Lee , K.O. , Manzello , S.L. , and Choi , M.Y. 1998 . The effects of initial droplet diameter on sooting and burning behavior of isolated droplets under microgravity conditions . Combust. Sci. Tech. , 132 , 139 .
  • Li , J.J. , Gu , C.Z. , Wang , Q. , Xu , P. , Wang , Z.L. , Xu , Z. , and Bai , X.D. 2005 . Field emission from high aspect ratio tubular carbon cones grown on gold wire . Applied Physics Letters , 87 , 143107 .
  • Lippmann , M. , Frampton , M. , Schwartz , J. , Dockery , D. , Schlesinger , R. , Koutrakis , P. , Froines , J. , Nel , A. , Finkelstein , J. , Godleski , J. , Kaufman , J. , Koenig , J. , Larson , T. , Lunchtel , D. , Sally Liu , L.-J. , Oberdörster , G. , Peters , A. , Sarnat , J. , Sioutas , C. , Suh , H. , Sullivan , J. , Utell , M. , Wichmann , E. , and Zelikoff , J. 2003 . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Particulate Matter Health Effects Research Centers Program: A midcourse report of status, progress, and plans . Environ. Health Persp. , 111 , 1074 .
  • Manzello , S.L. , Choi , M.Y. , Kazakov , A. , Dryer , F.L. , Dobashi , R. , and Hirano , T. 2001 . Sooting behavior of large droplets in the JAMIC facility . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 28 , 1079 .
  • Maun , J.D. , Sunderland , P.B. , and Urban , D.L. 2007 . Thin-filament pyrometer with a still digital camera . Appl. Opt. , 46 , 483 .
  • McKinnon , J.T. , Bell , W.L. , and Barkley , R.M. 1992 . Combustion synthesis of fullerenes . Combust. Flame , 88 , 102 .
  • McLintock , I.S. 1968 . The effect of various diluents on soot production in laminar ethylene diffusion flames . Combust. Flame , 12 , 217 .
  • Mehl , M. , Cuoci , A. , Faravelli , T. , Ranzi , E. , Kazakov , A. , Dryer , F.L. , Yozgatligil , A. , Park , S.H. , and Choi , M.Y. 2005 . Combustion of ethanol fuel droplets in microgravity conditions . Proceedings of 20th ILASS–European Meeting , Orleans , France , July .
  • Modest , M.F. 1993 . Radiative Heat Transfer , McGraw-Hill , New York .
  • Palotas , A.B. , Rainey , L.C. , Feldermann , C.J. , Sarofim , A.F. , and Vander Sande , J.B. 1996 . Soot morphology: An application of image analysis in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy . Microsc. Res. Tech. , 33 , 266 .
  • Pan , C. , and Xu , X. 2002. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes from ethanol flame. J. Matter. Sci. Lett. , 21, 1207.
  • Park , S.H. , Choi , S.C. , Choi , M.Y. , and Yozgatligil , A. 2008 . New observations of isolated ethanol droplet flames in microgravity conditions . Combust. Sci. Tech. , 180 , 631 .
  • Peters , A. , Dockery , D.W. , Muller , J.E. , and Mittleman , M.A. 2001 . Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction . Circulation , 103 , 2810 .
  • Pope , C.A. , III , Burnett , R.T. , Thun , M.J. , Calle , E.E. , Krewski , D. , Ito , K. , and Thurston , G.D. 2002 . Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution . JAMA , 287 , 1132 .
  • Ravikrishna , R.V. , and Laurendeau , N.M. 2000 . Laser-induced fluorescence measurements and modeling of nitric oxide in methane–air and ethane–air counterflow diffusion flames . Combust. Flame , 120 , 372 .
  • Ruiz , M.P. , Villoria , R.G. , Millera , A. , Alzueta , M.U. , and Bilbao , R. 2007 . Influence of the temperature on the properties of the soot formed from C2H2 pyrolysis . Chemical Engineering Journal , 127 , 1 .
  • Shaddix , C.R. , Palotas , A.B. , Megaridis , C.M. , Choi , M.Y. , and Yang , N.C. 2005 . Soot graphitic order in laminar diffusion flames and a large-scale JP-8 pool fire . Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. , 48 , 3604 .
  • Shim , H.S. , Hurt , R.H. , and Yang , N.C. 2000 . A methodology for analysis of 002 lattice fringe images and its application to combustion-derived carbons . Carbon , 38 , 29 .
  • Stasio , S.D. , and Braun , A. 2006 . Comparative NEXAFS study on soot obtained from an ethylene/air flame, a diesel engine, and graphite . Energy & Fuels , 20 , 187 .
  • Vander Wal , R.L. 2000 . Flame synthesis of substrate-supported metal-catalyzed carbon nanotubes . Chem. Phys. Letts. , 324 , 217 .
  • Vander Wal , R.L. , and Tomasek , A.J. 2004 . Soot nanostructure: Dependence upon synthesis conditions . Combust. Flame , 136 , 129 .
  • Vander Wal , R.L. , Tomasek , A.J. , Pamphlet , M.I. , Taylor , C.D. , and Thomson , W.K. 2005 . Analysis of HRTEM image for carbon nanostructure quantification . Journal of Nanoparticle Research , 6 , 555 .
  • Vander Wal , R.L. , Tomasek , A. J. , Street , K.H. , David , R. , and Thompson , W.K. 2004 . Carbon nanostructure examined by lattice fringe analysis of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images . Applied Spectroscopy , 58 , 230 .
  • Vilimpoc , V. , and Goss , L. 1988 . SiC-based thin-filament pyrometry: Theory and thermal properties . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 22 , 1907 .
  • Wang , L. , Li , C. , Zhou , Q. , Gu , F. , and Zhang , L. 2007 . Controllable synthesis of carbon nanotubes with ultrafine inner diameters in ethanol flame . Physica B , 398 , 18 .
  • Yozgatligil , A. , Park , S.H. , Choi , M.Y. , Kazakov , A. , and Dryer , F.L. 2004 . Burning and sooting behavior of ethanol droplet combustion under microgravity condition . Combust. Sci. Tech. , 176 , 1985 .
  • Yozgatligil , A. , Park , S.H. , Choi , M.Y. , Kazakov , A. , and Dryer , F.L. 2007 . Influence of oxygen concentration on the sooting behavior of ethanol droplet flames in microgravity conditions . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 31 , 2165 .
  • Yuan , L. , Saito , K. , Hu , W. , and Chen , Z. 2001 . Ethylene flame synthesis of well-aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes . Chem. Phys. Letts. , 346 , 23 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.