4,770
Views
222
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

Aromatherapy Facts and Fictions: A Scientific Analysis of Olfactory Effects on Mood, Physiology and Behavior

Pages 263-290 | Received 10 Aug 2007, Published online: 24 Aug 2009

REFERENCES

  • Alaoui-Ismaili O., Robin O., Rada H., Dittmar A., Vernet-Maury E. Basic emotions evoked by odorants: Comparison between autonomic responses and self-evaluation. Physiology & Behavior 1997; 62: 713–720
  • Ayabe-Kanamura S., Schicker I., Laska M., Hudson R., Distel H., Kobayakawa T., et al. Differences in perception of everyday odors: A Japanese-German cross-cultural study. Chemical Senses 1998; 23: 31–38
  • Baron R. A. Environmentally induced positive affect: Its impact on self-efficacy, task performance, negotiation, and conflict. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1990; 20: 368–384
  • Baron R. A. The sweet smell of helping: Effects of pleasant ambient fragrance on prosocial behavior in shopping malls. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1997; 23: 498–503
  • Bell I. R., Miller C. S., Schwartz G. E. An olfactory-limbic model of multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome: Possible relationships to kindling and affective spectrum disorders. Biological Psychiatry 1992; 32: 218–242
  • Bensafi M., Rouby C., Farget V., Bertrand B., Vigouroux M., Holley A. Autonomic nervous system responses to odours: The role of pleasantness and arousal. Chemical Senses 2002; 27: 703–709
  • Burnett K. M., Solterbeck L. A., Strapp C. M. Scent and mood state following an anxiety provoking task. Psychological Reports 2004; 95: 707–722
  • Cahill L., Babinsky R., Markowitsch H. J., McGaugh J. L. The amygdala and emotional memory. Nature 1995; 377: 295–296
  • Cain W. S., Johnson F., Jr. Lability of odor pleasantness: Influence of mere exposure. Perception 1978; 7: 459–465
  • Campenni C. E., Crawley E. J., Meier M. E. Role of suggestion in odor-induced mood change. Psychological Reports 2004; 94: 1127–1136
  • Chen D., Dalton P. The effect of emotion and personality on olfactory perception. Chemical Senses 2005; 30: 345–351
  • Clark M. Mood and helping: Mood as a motivator of helping and helping as a regulator of mood, et al. Sage Publishing Inc., Newbury ParkCalifornia 1991
  • Cooke B., Ernst E. Aromatherapy: A systematic review. British Journal of General Practice 2000; 50: 493–496
  • Dalton P. Cognitive influences on health symptoms from acute chemical exposure. Health Psychology 1999; 18: 579–590
  • Devriese S., Winters W., Stegen K., Van Diest I., Veulemans H., Nemery B., et al. Generalization of acquired somatic symptoms in response to odors: A Pavlovian perspective on multiple chemical sensitivity. Psychosomatic Medicine 2000; 62: 751–759
  • Diego M. A., Jones N. A., Field T., Hernandez-Reif M., Schanberg S., Kuhn C., et al. Aromatherapy positively affects mood, EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. International Journal of Neuroscience 1998; 96: 217–224
  • Doty R. L., Snyder P., Huggins G., Lowry L. D. Endocrine, cardiovascular and psychological correlates of olfactory sensitivity changes during the human menstrual cycle. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1981; 95: 45–60
  • Ehrlichman H., Kuhl S. B., Zhu J., Warrenburg S. Startle reflex modulation by pleasant and unpleasant odors in a between-subjects design. Psychophysiology 1997; 34: 726–729
  • Eichenbaum H. The hippocampus and declarative memory: Cognitive mechanisms and neural codes. Behavioral Brain Research 2001; 127: 199–207
  • Elisabetsky E., Marschener J., Souza D. O. Effects of linalool on glutaminergic system in the rat cerebral cortex. Neurochemistry Research 1995; 20: 461–465
  • Epple G., Herz R. S. Ambient odors associated to failure influence cognitive performance in children. Developmental Psychobiology 1999; 35: 103–107
  • Field T., Morrow C., Valdeon C., Larson S., Kuhn C., Schanberg S. Massage reduces anxiety in child and adolescent psychiatric patients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1992; 31: 125–131
  • Goel N., Kim H., Lau R. P. An olfactory stimulus modifies nighttime sleep in young men and women. Chronobiology International 2005; 22: 889–904
  • Goel N., Lau R. P. Sleep changes vary by odor perception in young adults. Biological Psychology 2006; 71: 341–349
  • Herz R. S. Ah, sweet skunk: Why we like or dislike what we smell. Cerebrum 2001; 3(4)31–47
  • Herz R. S., Beland S. L., Hellerstein M. Changing odor hedonic perception through emotional associations in humans. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 2004a; 17: 315–339
  • Herz R. S., Schankler C., Beland S. Olfaction, emotion and associative learning: Effects on motivated behavior. Motivation and Emotion 2004b; 28: 363–383
  • Herz R. S. Odor-associative learning and emotion: Effects on perception and behavior. Chemical Senses 2005; 30: i250–i251
  • Heuberger E., Hongratanaworakit T., Bohm C., Weber R., Buchbauer G. Effects of chiral fragrances on human autonomic nervous system parameters and self-evaluation. Chemical Senses 2001; 26: 281–292
  • Heuberger E., Redhammer S., Buchbauer G. Transdermal absorption of (−) linalool induces autonomic deactivation but has no impact on ratings of well-being in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29: 1925–1932
  • Ho C., Spence C. Olfactory facilitation of dual-task performance. Neuroscience Letters 2005; 389: 35–40
  • Ilmberger J., Heuberger E., Mahrhofer C., Dessovic H., Kowarik D., Buchbauer G. The influence of essential oils on human attention 1: Alertness. Chemical Senses 2001; 26: 239–245
  • Isen A. M. Toward understanding the role of affect in cognition. Handbook of social cognition, A. Wyer, T. Scrull. Lawrence Erlbaum, New Jersey 1984; 179–236
  • Jirovitz J., Buchbauer G., Jager W., Raverdino V., Nikiforov A. Determination of lavender oil fragrance compounds in blood samples. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 1990; 338: 922–923
  • Jirovitz J., Buchbauer G., Jager W., Woiiieh A., Nikiforov A. Analysis of fragrance compounds in blood samples of mice by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, GC/FTIR and GC/AES after inhalation of sandalwood oil. Biomedical Chromatography 1992; 6: 133–134
  • Kagawa D., Jokura H., Ochiai R., Tokimisu I., Tsubone H. The sedative effects and mechanism of action of cedral inhalation with behavioral pharmacological evaluation. Planta Medica 2003; 69: 637–641
  • Kirk-Smith M. D., Van Toller C., Dodd G. H. Unconscious odour conditioning in human subjects. Biological Psychology 1983; 17: 221–231
  • Knasko S. C. Pleasant odors and congruency: Effects on approach behavior. Chemical Senses 1995; 20: 479–487
  • Kovar K. A., Gropper B., Friess D., Ammon H. P. T. Blood levels of 1,8 cineole and locomotor activity of mice after inhalation and oral administration of rosemary oil. Planta Medica 1987; 53: 315–318
  • Kuroda K., Inoue N., Ito Y., Kubota K., Sugimoto A., Kakuda T., et al. Sedative effects of the jasmine tea odor and (R)-(−) linalool one of its major odor components, on autonomic nerve activity and mood states. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2005; 95: 107–114
  • Lehrner J., Eckersberger C., Walla P., Potsch G., Deecke L. Ambient odor of orange in a dental office reduces anxiety and improves mood in female patients. Physiology & Behavior 2000; 71: 83–86
  • Lehrner J., Marwinski G., Lehr S., Johren P., Deecke L. Ambient odors of orange and lavender reduce anxiety and improve mood in a dental office. Physiology & Behavior 2005; 86: 92–95
  • Lis-Balchin M., Hart S. Studies on the mode of action of the essential oil of lavender (Lavandula angusifolia P. Miller). Phytotherapy Research 1999; 13: 540–542
  • Lorig T. S., Roberts M. Odor and cognitive alternation of the contingent negative variation. Chemical Senses 1990; 14: 525–536
  • Mennella J. A., Beauchamp G. K. Understanding the origin of flavor preferences. Chemical Senses, Suppl. 1, i242–i243. The transfer of alcohol to human milk. Effects on flavor and the infant's behavior. New England Journal of Medicine 2005; 325: 981–985
  • Miltner W., Matjak M., Braun C., Diekmann H., Brody S. Emotional qualities of odors and their influence on the startle reflex in humans. Psychophysiology 1994; 31: 107–110
  • Moncreiff R. W. Odour preferences, et al. Wiley, New York 1966
  • Moss M., Cook J., Wesnes K., Duckett P. Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. International Journal of Neuroscience 2003; 113: 15–38
  • Motomura N, Sakurai A, Yotsuya Y. Reduction of mental stress with lavender odorant. Perceptual and Motor Skills 2001; 93: 713–718
  • Otto T., Cousens G., Herzog C. Behavioral and neuropsychological foundations of olfactory fear conditioning. Behavioral Brain Research 2000; 110: 119–128
  • Pause B. M., Ferstl R., Fehm-Wolfsdorf G. Personality and olfactory sensitivity. Journal of Research in Personality 1998; 32: 510–518
  • Price S. Aromatherapy for common ailments, et al. Gaia., London 1991; 66
  • Raudenbush B., Corley N., Eppich W. Enhancing athletic performance through administration of peppermint odor. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 2001; 23: 156–160
  • Raudenbush B., Meyer B., Eppich B. The effects of odors on objective and subjective measures of athletic performance. International Sports Journal, Winter 2002; 14–27
  • Robin O., Alaoui-Ismaili O., Dittmar A., Vernet-Mauri E. Emotional responses evoked by dental odors: An evaluation from autonomic parameters. Journal of Dental Research 1998; 77: 1638–1946
  • Rotton J. Affective and cognitive consequences of malodorous pollution. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 1983; 4: 171–191
  • Torii S., Fukado H., Kanemoto H., Miyanchi R., Hamauzu Y., Kawasaki M. Contingent negative variation (CNV) and the psychological effects of odour. Perfumery- The Psychology and Biology of Fragrance, S. Van Toller, G. H. Dodd. Chapman & Hall, London 1988; pp. 107–120
  • Underwood B., Froming W. J., Moore B. S. Mood, attention, and altruism: A search for mediating variables. Developmental Psychology 1997; 13: 541–542
  • Vickers A. Why aromatherapy works (even if it doesn’t) and why we need less research. British Journal of General Practice 2000; 50(455)444–445
  • Vincent A., Furedy J. J. Electrodermal differentiation of deception: Potentially confounding and influencing factors. International Journal of Psychophysiology 1992; 13: 129–136
  • Villemure C., Slotnick B. M., Bushnell M. C. Effects of odors on pain perception: Deciphering the roles of emotion and attention. Pain 2003; 106: 101–108
  • Wright T. A., Staw B. M. Affect and favorable work outcomes: Two longitudinal tests of the happy-productive worker thesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior 1999; 20: 1–23

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.