2,966
Views
119
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Different Patterns of Sexual Identity Development over Time: Implications for the Psychological Adjustment of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths

, &
Pages 3-15 | Published online: 11 Nov 2009

References

  • Adams , G. R. , Munro , B. , Doherty-Poirer , M. , Munro , G. , Petersen , A.-M. R. , & Edwards , J. ( 2001 ). Diffuse-avoidance, normative, and informational identity styles: Use of identity theory to predict maladjustment . Identity , 1 , 307 – 320 .
  • American Psychiatric Association . ( 1987 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( , 3rd ed. , Rev. Ed.) . Washington , DC : Author .
  • Archer , S. L. , & Grey , J. A. ( 2009 ). The sexual domain of identity: Sexual statuses of identity in relation to psychosocial sexual health . Identity , 9 , 33 – 62 .
  • Balsam , K. F. , & Mohr , J. J. ( 2007 ). Adaptation to sexual orientation stigma: A comparison of bisexual and lesbian/gay adults . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 54 , 306 – 319 .
  • Bontempo , D. E. , & D'Augelli , A. R. ( 2002 ). Effects of at-school victimization and sexual orientation on lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths' health risk behavior . Journal of Adolescent Health , 30 , 364 – 374 .
  • Cass , V. C. ( 1979 ). Homosexual identity formation: A theoretical model . Journal of Homosexuality , 4 , 219 – 235 .
  • Chapman , B. E. , & Brannock , J. C. ( 1987 ). Proposed model of lesbian identity development: An empirical examination . Journal of Homosexuality , 14 , 69 – 80 .
  • Crowne , D. P. , & Marlowe , D. ( 1964 ). The approval motive: Studies in evaluative dependence . Westport , CT : Greenwood .
  • D'Augelli , A. R. ( 2002 ). Mental health problems among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths ages 14 to 21 . Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 7 , 433 – 456 .
  • Derogatis , L. R. ( 1993 ). BSI, Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual . Minneapolis , MN : National Computer Systems .
  • Diamond , L. M. ( 2005 ). A new view of lesbian subtypes: Stable versus fluid identity trajectories over an 8-year period . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 29 , 119 – 128 .
  • Dubé , E. M. ( 2000 ). The role of sexual behavior in the identification process of gay and bisexual males . Journal of Sex Research , 37 , 123 – 132 .
  • Eccles , T. A. , Sayegh , M. A. , Fortenberry , J. D. , & Zimet , G. D. (2004). More normal than not: A qualitative assessment of the developmental experiences of gay male youth. Journal of Adolescent Health , 35, 425.e11–525.e18.
  • Eisenberg , M. E. , & Resnick , M. D. ( 2006 ). Suicidality among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth: The role of protective factors . Journal of Adolescent Health , 39 , 662 – 668 .
  • Erikson , E. H. ( 1968 ). Identity: Youth and crisis . New York : Norton .
  • Erikson , E. H. ( 1980 ). Ego development and historical change . In Identity and the life cycle (pp. 17 – 50 ). New York : Norton . (Original work published 1946) .
  • Erikson , E. H. ( 1980 ). The problem of ego identity . In Identity and the life cycle (pp. 107 – 175 ). New York : Norton . (Original work published 1956) .
  • Everitt , B. S. , Landau , S. , & Leese , M. ( 2001 ). Cluster analysis , (4th ed.) . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Fassinger , R. E. , & Miller , B. A. ( 1996 ). Validation of an inclusive model of sexual minority identity formation on a sample of gay men . Journal of Homosexuality , 32 , 53 – 78 .
  • Fergusson , D. M. , Horwood , L. J. , & Beautrais , A. L. ( 1999 ). Is sexual orientation related to mental health problems and suicidality in young people? . Archives of General Psychiatry , 56 , 876 – 880 .
  • Floyd , F. J. , & Stein , T. S. ( 2002 ). Sexual orientation identity formation among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: Multiple patterns of milestone experiences . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 12 , 167 – 191 .
  • Goodman , L. A. , & Kruskal , W. H. ( 1979 ). Measures of association for cross classification . New York : Springer-Verlag .
  • Grov , C. , Bimbi , D. S. , Nanín , J. E. , & Parsons , J. T. ( 2006 ). Race, ethnicity, gender, and generational factors associated with the coming-out process among gay, lesbian, bisexual individuals . Journal of Sex Research , 43 , 115 – 121 .
  • Gurley , D. N. ( 1990 ). The context of well-being after significant life stress: Measuring social support and obstruction . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky, Lexington .
  • Halpin , S. A. , & Allen , M. W. ( 2004 ). Changes in psychosocial well-being during stages of gay identity development . Journal of Homosexuality , 47 , 109 – 126 .
  • Henry , D. B. , Tolan , P. H. , & Gorman-Smith , D. ( 2005 ). Cluster analysis in family psychology research . Journal of Family Psychology , 19 , 121 – 132 .
  • Hershberger , S. L. , & D'Augelli , A. R. ( 1995 ). The impact of victimization on the mental health and suicidality of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths . Developmental Psychology , 31 , 65 – 74 .
  • Huebner , D. M. , Rebchook , G. M. , & Kegeles , S. M. ( 2004 ). Experiences of harassment, discrimination, and physical violence among young gay and bisexual men . American Journal of Public Health , 94 , 1200 – 1203 .
  • Igartua , K. J. , Gill , K. , & Montoro , R. ( 2003 ). Internalized homophobia: A factor in depression, anxiety, and suicide in the gay and lesbian population . Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health , 22 , 15 – 30 .
  • Jordan , K. M. , & Deluty , R. H. ( 1998 ). Coming out for lesbian women: Its relation to anxiety, positive affectivity, self-esteem, and social support . Journal of Homosexuality , 35 , 41 – 63 .
  • Kiang , L. , Yip , T. , & Fuligni , A. J. ( 2008 ). Multiple social identities and adjustment in young adults from ethnically diverse backgrounds . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 18 , 643 – 670 .
  • Kroger , J. ( 2007 ). Identity development: Adolescence through adulthood , (2nd ed.) . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Lewis , R. J. , Derlega , V. J. , Clarke , E. G. , & Kuang , J. C. ( 2006 ). Stigma consciousness, social constraints, and lesbian well-being . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 53 , 48 – 56 .
  • Maguen , D. , Floyd , F. J. , Bakeman , R. , & Armistead , L. ( 2002 ). Developmental milestones and disclosure of sexual orientation among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 23 , 219 – 233 .
  • Marcia , J. E. ( 1966 ). Development and validation of ego-identity status . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 3 , 551 – 558 .
  • Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. , Ehrhardt , A. A. , Exner , T. M. , & Gruen , R. S. ( 1994 ). Sexual Risk Behavior Assessment Schedule–Youth . New York : New York State Psychiatric Institute, HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies .
  • Mills , T. C. , Paul , J. , Stall , R. , Pollack , L. , Canchola , J. , et al. . ( 2004 ). Distress and depression in men who have sex with men: The urban men's health study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 , 278 – 285 .
  • Mohr , J. J. , & Fassinger , R. E. ( 2003 ). Self-acceptance and self-disclosure of sexual orientation in lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults: An attachment perspective . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 50 , 482 – 495 .
  • Morris , J. F. ( 1997 ). Lesbian coming out as a multidimentional process . Journal of Homosexuality , 33 , 1 – 22 .
  • Morris , J. F. , Waldo , C. R. , & Rothblum , E. D. ( 2001 ). A model of predictors and outcomes of outness among lesbian and bisexual women . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 71 , 61 – 71 .
  • Muise , A. , Preyde , M. , Maitland , S. B. , & Milhausen , R. R. (in press) . Sexual identity and sexual well-being in female heterosexual university students . Archives of Sexual Behavior .
  • Nungesser , L. ( 1983 ). Homosexual acts, actors, and identities . New York : Praeger .
  • Parks , C. A. , & Hughes , T. L. ( 2007 ). Age differences in lesbian identity development and drinking . Substance Use & Misuse , 42 , 361 – 380 .
  • Procidano , M. E. , & Heller , K. ( 1983 ). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies . American Journal of Community Psychology , 11 , 1 – 24 .
  • Rapkin , B. D. , & Luke , D. A. ( 1993 ). Cluster analysis in community research: Epistemology and practice . American Journal of Community Psychology , 21 , 247 – 277 .
  • Rosario , M. , Hunter , J. , Maguen , S. , Gwadz , M. , & Smith , R. ( 2001 ). The coming-out process and its adaptational and health-related associations among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: Stipulation and exploration of a model . American Journal of Community Psychology , 29 , 133 – 160 .
  • Rosario , M. , Schrimshaw , E. W. , & Hunter , J. ( 2005 ). Psychological distress following suicidality among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: Role of social relationships . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 34 , 149 – 161 .
  • Rosario , M. , Schrimshaw , E. W. , & Hunter , J. ( 2008 ). Predicting different patterns of sexual identity development over time among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: A cluster analytic approach . American Journal of Community Psychology , 42 , 266 – 282 .
  • Rosario , M. , Schrimshaw , E. W. , Hunter , J. , & Braun , L. ( 2006 ). Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time . Journal of Sex Research , 43 , 46 – 58 .
  • Rosario , M. , Schrimshaw , E. W. , Hunter , J. , & Gwadz , M. ( 2002 ). Gay-related stress and emotional distress among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: A longitudinal examination . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 70 , 967 – 975 .
  • Rosenberg , M. ( 1965 ). Society and adolescent self-image . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Savin-Williams , R. C. ( 2005 ). The new gay teenager . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Savin-Williams , R. C. , & Diamond , L. M. ( 2000 ). Sexual identity trajectories among sexual-minority youths: Gender comparisons . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 29 , 607 – 627 .
  • Schrimshaw , E. W. , Rosario , M. , Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. , & Scharf-Matlick , A. A. ( 2006 ). Test–retest reliability of self-reported sexual risk behavior, sexual orientation, and sexual development among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 35 , 225 – 234 .
  • Swann , S. K. , & Spivey , C. A. ( 2004 ). The relationship between self-esteem and lesbian identity during adolescence . Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal , 21 , 629 – 646 .
  • Troiden , R. R. ( 1989 ). The formation of homosexual identities . In G. Herdt (Ed.), Gay and lesbian youth (pp. 43 – 73 ). New York : Haworth .
  • Uchino , B. H. (2004). Social support and physical health: Understanding the health consequences of relationships . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press.
  • Udry , J. R. , & Chantala , K. ( 2002 ). Risk assessment of adolescents with same-sex relationships . Journal of Adolescent Health , 31 , 84 – 92 .
  • Ueno , K. ( 2005 ). Sexual orientation and psychological distress in adolescence: Examining interpersonal stressors and social support processes . Social Psychology Quarterly , 68 , 258 – 277 .
  • Wills , T. A. , & Fegan , M. F. ( 2001 ). Social networks and social support . In A. Baum , T. A. Revenson , & J. E. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of health psychology (pp. 209 – 234 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Wright , E. R. , & Perry , B. L. ( 2006 ). Sexual identity distress, social support, and health of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth . Journal of Homosexuality , 51 , 81 – 110 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.