Zambian Women in South Africa: Insights Into Health Experiences of Labia Elongation

References

• Adeokun, L. A., Twa-Twa, J., Ssekiboobo, A. & Nalwadda, R. (1995). Social context of HIV infection in Uganda. Health Transition Review, Suppl. 5, 1–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alcaide, M. L., Mumbi, M., Chitalu, N. & Jones, D. (2013). Vaginal cleansing practices in HIV-infected Zambian women. AIDS and Behavior, 17, 872–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagnol, B. & Mariano, E. (2008). Elongation of the labia minora and use of vaginal products to enhance eroticism: Can these practices be considered FGM? Finnish Journal of Ethnicity and Migration, 3, 42–53.
   Google Scholar
• Bagnol, B. & Mariano, E. (2012). Gender, sexuality, and vaginal practices. Maputo, Mozambique: DAA, FLCS, UEM.
   Google Scholar
• Berer, M. (2010). Cosmetic surgery, body image, and sexuality. Reproductive Health Matters, 18, 4–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blacking, J. (1967). Venda children's songs. Johannesburg, South Africa: Witwatersrand University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, A. & Charmaz, K. (2007). The SAGE handbook of grounded theory. London, UK: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2012). The power and potential of grounded theory. Medical Sociology Online, 6, 15pp.
   Google Scholar
• De Sardan, J. L. (1998). Émique [Emic]. L'Homme, 38, 151–166.
   Google Scholar
• Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kantse, O., Pölkki, T., Utriainen, K. & Kyngäs, H. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: A focus on trustworthiness. SAGE Open, 4(1). doi:10.1177/2158244014522633
   Google Scholar
• Fusaschi, M. (2003). I segni sul corpo. Per un'antropologia delle modificazioni dei genitali femminili [Signs of the body. An anthropology of the female genital modifications]. Turin, Italy: Bollati Boringhieri.
   Google Scholar
• Grassivaro Gallo, P., Bertoletti, A., Zanotti, I. & Catania, L. (2010). First survey on genital stretching in Italy. In G. C. Denniston F. M. Hodges & M. F. Milos (Eds.), Genital autonomy: Protecting personal choice (pp. 97–101). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Grassivaro Gallo, P. & Dionisio, E. (2010). Il superamento dell'U'kwevha (allungamento delle piccolo labra) tra le popolazioni Venda del Sud-Africa [Obsolescence of U'kwevha (labia minora elongation) among the South African Venda people]. Retrieved from http://www.scienzaonline.com/medicina/268-sessuologia/2407-il-superamento-dellukwevha-allungamento-delle-piccole-labbra-tra-le-popolazioni-venda-del-sud-africa.html
   Google Scholar
• Grassivaro Gallo, P., Endrighi, L. & Viviani, F. (2008). Genital stretching and AIDS/HIV in Africa. Retrieved from http://scienzaonline.com/medicina/333-venereologia/2397-quisque-leo-non-malesuada.html
   Google Scholar
• Grassivaro Gallo, P., Moro, D. & Manganoni, M. (2009). Female genital modifications in Malawi: Culture, health, and sexuality. In G. C. Denniston F. M. Hodges & M. F. Milos (Eds.), Circumcision and human rights (pp. 83–95). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Grassivaro Gallo, P., Tshiala Mbuyi, N. & Bertoletti, A. (2010). Expansive interventions of female genitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In G. C. Denniston F. M. Hodges & M. F. Milos (Eds.), Genital autonomy: Protecting personal choice (pp. 111–125). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Grassivaro Gallo, P. & Villa, E. (2006). Ritual labia minora elongation among the Baganda women of Uganda. Psychopathologie Africaine, 33, 213–236.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, R. (2007). The Hottentot Venus: The life and death of Saartjie Baartman. Jeppestown, South Africa: Jonathan Ball.
   Google Scholar
• Hull, T., Martin Hilber, A., Chersich, M., Bagnol, B., Prohmmo, A., Smith, J., … Temmerman, M. (2011). Prevalence of vaginal practices in Africa and Asia: Findings of a multi-country household survey. Journal of Women's Health, 20, 1097–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen, E. B. (2006, September–October). Sculpted female bodies: Discourses and practices on genital manipulation in the context of globalisation. Presented at Nordic Africa Days conference, Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Kielmann, K., Cataldo, F. & Seeley, J. (2012). Introduction to qualitative research methodology: A training manual. United Kingdom: Department for International Development.
   Google Scholar
• Khau, M. (2014, August). The erotic other: University students’ sexual identity constructions in the age of HIV and AIDS. Presented at Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society annual conference, Durban, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Knerr, W. & Philpott, A. (2011). Strange bedfellows: Bridging the worlds of academia, public health, and the sex industry to improve sexual health outcomes. Health Research Policy and Systems, 9(Suppl. 1), S13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krige, E. J. & Krige, J. D. (1980). The realm of a rain-queen. Johannesburg, South Africa: Juta.
   Google Scholar
• Labrecque, E. (1982). Beliefs and religious practices of the Bemba and neighboring tribes. Chinsali, Zambia: Language Centre Ilondola.
   Google Scholar
• Low, N., Chersich, M. F., Schmidlin, K., Egger, M., Francis, S. C., van de Wijgert, J. H. & Hilber, A. M. (2011). Intravaginal practices, bacterial vaginosis, and HIV infection in women: Individual woman data meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 8(2), e1000416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manabe, N. L. (2010). The silenced voice of initiated Venda women (Unpublished thesis). University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez Pérez, G., Bagnol, B. & Tomás Aznar, C. (2014). Autoerotism, homoerotism, and foreplay in African women who practice labia minora elongation: A review. International Journal of Sexual Health, 26, 314–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez Pérez, G. & Namulondo, H. (2011). Elongation of labia minora in Uganda: Including Baganda men in a risk reduction education programme. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 13, 45–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez Pérez, G., Tomás Aznar, C. & Bagnol, B. (2013). Labia minora elongation and its implications on the health of women: A systematic review. International Journal of Sexual Health, 26, 155–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin Hilber, A., Francis, S. C., Chersich, M., Scott, P., Redmond, S., Bender, N. & Low, N. (2010). Intravaginal practices, vaginal infections, and HIV acquisition: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 5, e9119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin Hilber, A., Kenter, E., Redmond, S., Merten, S., Bagnol, B., Low, N. & Garside, R. (2012). Vaginal practices as women's agency in sub-Saharan Africa: A synthesis of meaning and motivation through meta-ethnography. Social Science and Medicine, 74, 1311–1323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milubi, N. A. (2000). Sexual images: Essence of presence. South African Journal for Folklore Studies, 20, 56–61.
   Google Scholar
• Mwenda, K. (2006). Labia elongation under African customary law. International Journal of Human Rights, 10, 341–357.
   Google Scholar
• Myer, L., Denny, L., de Souza, M., Wright, T. C. & Kuhn, L. (2006). Distinguishing the temporal association between women's intravaginal practices and risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection: A prospective study of South African woman. American Journal of Epidemiology, 163, 552–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholas, L. J., Daniels, P. S. & Hurwitz, P. S. (2004). South Africa (The Republic of South Africa). In R. T. Francoeur & R. J. Noonan (Eds.), The Continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality (pp. 909–932). New York, NY: Continuum International.
   Google Scholar
• Plummer, M. & Young, L. E. (2010). Grounded theory and feminist inquiry: Revitalizing links to the past. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 32, 305–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi, S. (2004). Displaying Sarah Baartman, the “Hottentot Venus.” History of Science, 42, 233–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasing, T. (2001). The bush burnt, the stones remain: Female initiation rites in urban Zambia. Leiden, the Netherlands: Lit Verlag, African Studies Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, A. I. (1956). Chisungu: A girl's initiation ceremony among the Bemba of Zambia. London, UK: Tavistock.
   Google Scholar
• Scorgie, F., Kunene, B., Smit, J. A., Manzini, N., Chersich, M. F. & Preston-Whyte, E. M. (2009). In search of sexual pleasure and fidelity: Vaginal practices in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 11, 267–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikolia, D., Biros, D., Mason, M. & Weiser, M. (2013). Trustworthiness of grounded theory methodology research in information systems. MWAIS 2013 Proceedings, 16, paper 16. Retrieved from http://aisel.aisnet.org/mwais2013/16
   Google Scholar
• Spring, A. (1973, October). Women's rituals related to fertility among the Luvale of Zambia. Paper presented at the Florida regional seminar on sub-Saharan Africa, Tallahassee, Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Tamale, S. (2006). Eroticism, sensuality, and “women's secrets” among the Baganda: A critical analysis. Institute of Development Studies Bulletin, 37, 89–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2013). Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemics 2013. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2008). Eliminating female genital mutilation: An inter-agency statement: UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCHR, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wuest, J. (2011). Are we there yet? Positioning qualitative research differently. Qualitative Health Research, 21, 875–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar